Potentiometer-Based Rotational Pattern Authentication System

Conventional authentication systems, including numerical passwords, graphical patterns, facial recognition, and fingerprint identification have certain limitations related to observation attacks and biometric spoofing. This research proposes a potentiometer-based rotational pattern authentication system. It uses a user-defined sequence of rotational movements as a personalized passkey for device access. In the proposed method, a potentiometer serves as the primary input device, converting rotational movements into corresponding electrical signals. During the registration phase, the user creates and stores a unique rotational pattern consisting of a sequence of selected angular positions and rotational directions. During authentication, the system captures the input rotational sequence and compares it with the stored pattern. Access is granted only when the entered sequence matches the registered pattern, otherwise, access is denied. The proposed approach provides an alternative to conventional password-based and biometric authentication methods.

Potentiometer Rotational Pattern Authentication, Passkey, User Authentication, Microcontroller, Electronic Lock, Access Control, Embedded Security

1. F. Binbeshr, M. L. Mat Kiah, L. Y. Por, and A. A. Zaidan, “A systematic review of PIN-entry methods resistant to shoulder-surfing attacks,” Computers & Security, vol. 101, Art. no. 102116, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cose.2020.102116. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. L. Y. Por, I. O. Ng, Y.-L. Chen, J. Yang, and C. S. Ku, “A systematic literature review on the security attacks and countermeasures used in graphical passwords,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 53408–53423, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3373662. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Y. Kortli, M. Jridi, A. Al Falou, and M. Atri, “Face recognition systems: A survey,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 2, Art. no. 342, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20020342. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. D. Maiti, M. Basak, and D. Das, “A review on fingerprint based authentication—Its challenges and applications,” Computer Science Review, vol. 57, Art. no. 100735, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cosrev.2025.100735. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]