<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2">

  <!-- ============================================================ FRONT -->
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">236</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150800041</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Data Privacy</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Critical Path Analysis in New Vehicle Platform Development Projects: A Comparative Study of Passenger Car, SUV, and Electric Vehicle Programs</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Pritish Satish</surname>
            <given-names>Poojari</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Independent Researcher                        <country>India</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>8</issue>
                        <fpage>556</fpage>
            <lpage>573</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150800041"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>Critical Path Method; vehicle platform development; schedule compression; automotive project management; electric vehicle programmes</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Vehicle platform development is among the most complex and capital-intensive undertakings in manufacturing, typically spanning 36 to 48 months from concept to start of production (SOP) and involving engineering expenditure of USD 1 billion to more than USD 6 billion. This paper examines the application of the Critical Path Method (CPM) to new vehicle platform development, using three illustrative but industry-representative case studies: a B-segment passenger car (Project Alpha), a C-segment SUV (Project Beta), and a D-segment battery electric vehicle (Project Gamma). Simulated schedule data, calibrated to published automotive benchmarks and APQP timelines, were analysed using forward/backward pass CPM calculations, float distributions, and Earned Value Analysis (Schedule Performance Index and Schedule Variance). The study finds that powertrain integration, regulatory homologation, and supplier PPAP (Production Part Approval Process) validation are consistently the dominant critical-path drivers across all three platforms, and that electric vehicle development introduces materially greater schedule complexity and variance, driven by battery system integration, battery management system (BMS) software validation, and evolving ADAS certification requirements. Schedule compression through crashing recovered two to four weeks of critical-path time at cost premiums of 12-35% of affected activity budgets, while fast-tracking carried substantially higher rework risk. The paper recommends that automotive OEMs adopt hybrid CPM-Design Structure Matrix (DSM) scheduling frameworks, institutionalise Monte Carlo schedule simulation, and develop dedicated scheduling competencies for electric vehicle and software-defined vehicle programmes. The findings extend the applicability of a decades-old scheduling technique to the contemporary electrification context and offer practical guidance for automotive programme managers and Tier-1 suppliers.</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

  <!-- ============================================================ BACK (References) -->
    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
            <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG). (2008). Advanced product quality planning (APQP) and control plan reference manual (2nd ed.). AIAG.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Berjoza, D., &amp; Jurgis, U. (2017). Comparison of aspects regarding weight and dimensions of passenger car and electric vehicle. Engineering for Rural Development, 16, 1284-1290.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Browning, T. R., &amp; Eppinger, S. D. (2002). Modeling impacts of process architecture on cost and schedule risk in product development. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(4), 428-442. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2002.806709</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Clark, K. B., &amp; Fujimoto, T. (1991). Product development performance: Strategy, organization, and management in the world auto industry. Harvard Business School Press.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Cooper, R. G. (2017). Winning at new products: Creating value through innovation (5th ed.). Basic Books.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Eisner, H. (2008). Essentials of project and systems engineering management (3rd ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fleming, Q. W., &amp; Koppelman, J. M. (2016). Earned value project management (4th ed.). Project Management Institute.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hillson, D. (2009). Managing risk in projects. Gower Publishing.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>International Automotive Task Force (IATF). (2016). IATF 16949:2016 - Quality management system requirements for automotive production and relevant service parts organizations. IATF.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Keller, A., Behrendt, F., &amp; Zeller, A. (2021). Software-defined vehicles: Challenges and opportunities in automotive development. IEEE Software, 38(5), 24-33.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kelley, J. E., &amp; Walker, M. R. (1959). Critical-path planning and scheduling. Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, 160-173.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Krishnan, V., &amp; Ulrich, K. T. (2001). Product development decisions: A review of the literature. Management Science, 47(1), 1-21.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Loch, C. H., &amp; Terwiesch, C. (1998). Communication and uncertainty in concurrent engineering. Management Science, 44(8), 1032-1048.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Morgan, J. M., &amp; Liker, J. K. (2006). The Toyota product development system: Integrating people, process, and technology. Productivity Press.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Smith, P. G., &amp; Reinertsen, D. G. (1998). Developing products in half the time: New rules, new tools (2nd ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Vanhoucke, M. (2012). Project management with dynamic scheduling: Baseline scheduling, risk analysis and project control. Springer.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wheelwright, S. C., &amp; Clark, K. B. (1992). Revolutionizing product development: Quantum leaps in speed, efficiency, and quality. Free Press.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
          </ref-list>
  </back>
  
</article>
