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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">272</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150800078</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Learning</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Self-Supervised Learning for Oil Spill Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Adegunwa</surname>
            <given-names>Olajide</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Computer Science Department, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos.                        <country>Nigeria</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>George</surname>
            <given-names>Ukoh-Godwin</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Computer Science Department, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos.                        <country>Nigeria</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>David Chinonye</surname>
            <given-names>Okoh</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Computer Science Department, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos.                        <country>Nigeria</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Akinrinlola</surname>
            <given-names>Akinfola</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Lagos State University of Science and Technology, Ikorodu, Lagos.                        <country>Nigeria</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>8</issue>
                        <fpage>1075</fpage>
            <lpage>1089</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150800078"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>Self-Supervised Learning</kwd>
                <kwd>BYOL</kwd>
                <kwd>Bootstrap Your Own Latent</kwd>
                <kwd>SAR Imagery</kwd>
                <kwd>Oil Spill Detection</kwd>
                <kwd>ResNet18</kwd>
                <kwd>LP-FT</kwd>
                <kwd>SOS Dataset</kwd>
                <kwd>Label Efficiency</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Labelled Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for oil spill detection is exorbitant and sluggish. Every annotation requires a domain expert who can distinguish between real oil spills from look-alikes, and the result is that labelled SAR datasets are small, while large volumes of unlabeled satellite imagery go unused. This study has developed a self-supervised learning pipeline using Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) to address this directly. The idea is to pre-train a ResNet18 encoder on the unlabeled portion of the SOS dataset, and fine-tune it with only a small fraction of labels. Pre-training ran for 300 epochs using BYOL without any labels. Fine-tuning used the LP-FT strategy which froze the encoder and trained only the classification head for 20 epochs, then unfreezes everything and trained end-to-end at a much smaller learning rate. Before any fine-tuning, the frozen encoder achieved 96.4% KNN accuracy on validation embeddings. That number matters because it shows BYOL actually learned something useful about SAR imagery, not just noise. With 10% of labels, the model achieves F1(oil) of 0.928. The supervised baseline from scratch gets 0.973 on F1(oil), which looks better until you account for the test set being 95.3% oil patches. On macro F1, which weights both classes equally, BYOL scores 0.552 against the supervised baseline's 0.486. On a strictly disproportionate test set, macro F1 is the reliable metric.</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

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