<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2">

  <!-- ============================================================ FRONT -->
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">354</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900003</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Power Systems</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Topology-Aware Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Resilient Operation and Adaptive Restoration of Renewable-Integrated Active Distribution Networks</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Nguyen</surname>
            <given-names>VanDu</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Thu Duc College of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.                        <country>Vietnam</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>9</issue>
                        <fpage>20</fpage>
            <lpage>36</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900003"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning</kwd>
                <kwd>Active Distribution Networks</kwd>
                <kwd>Self-Healing</kwd>
                <kwd>Battery Energy Storage Systems</kwd>
                <kwd>Feeder Reconfiguration.</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>The increasing penetration of photovoltaic generation in active distribution networks (ADNs) introduces significant operational variability and challenges for resilient network restoration. This paper proposes a Topology-Aware Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning (PIRL) framework for adaptive operation and self-healing of renewable-integrated ADNs. The proposed approach integrates topology-aware network representation, physics-informed reward guidance, coordinated distributed generation (DG) and battery energy storage system (BESS) control, and feeder reconfiguration within a unified learning framework. The controller is evaluated on the IEEE 33-bus ADN under different combinations of PV generation, load demand, and feeder contingencies. Simulation results show that PIRL achieves a minimum voltage of 0.976 p.u. and reduces network power loss to 121.3 kW. Under a feeder fault, the proposed framework restores the interrupted load within 13 min with an energy not supplied of 72 kWh and achieves a resilience index of 0.96. In addition, PIRL reaches stable policy convergence at approximately 560 training episodes with a final normalized cumulative reward of 0.91. These results demonstrate that combining physical operating information with adaptive reinforcement learning and coordinated DG-BESS control can improve voltage security, network efficiency, restoration capability, and learning efficiency in renewable-integrated ADNs.</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

  <!-- ============================================================ BACK (References) -->
    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
            <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Behzadi, S., Bagheri, A., &amp; Rabiee, A. (2024). Optimal operation of reconfigurable active distribution networks aiming at resiliency improvement. Electric Power Systems Research, 230, 110169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110169.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Byeon, G., &amp; Kim, K. (2024). Distributionally robust decentralized Volt-Var control with network reconfiguration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(5), 4705–4718,. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2024.3377910.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Dominguez-Garcia, A. D., Zholbaryssov, M., Amuda, T., &amp; Ajala, O. (2024). An online feedback optimization approach to voltage regulation in inverter-based power distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 39(1), 1145–1156, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3304112.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Glavic, M. (2019). Deep) reinforcement learning for electric power system control and related problems: A short review and perspectives. Annual Reviews in Control, 48, 22–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2019.09.008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Glavic, M., Moreno, R., Bi, T., &amp; Shahidehpour, M. (2021). Reinforcement learning for electric power system decision and control: Past considerations and perspectives. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12(6), 5128–5142, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3070934.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Huang, Y., Yang, Q., Tan, J., &amp; Ukil, A. (2022). Deep reinforcement learning for real-time energy management in smart grids. Energy Reports, 8, 1245–1257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.190.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Li, B., &amp; Xu, Q. A. (2024). A machine learning-assisted distributed optimization method for inverter-based Volt-VAR control in active distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 39(2), 2668–2681, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3279303.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Qiu, W., Yadav, A., You, S., Dong, J., Kuruganti, T., Liu, Y., &amp; Yin, H. (2024). Neural networks-based inverter control: Modeling and adaptive optimization for smart distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 15(2), 1039–1049, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2023.3324219.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wang, S., Hou, Y., Guan, X., Liu, S., &amp; Huo, Z. (2025). Resiliency-informed optimal scheduling of smart distribution network with urban distributed photovoltaic: A stochastic P-robust optimization. Energy, 313, 133449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.133449.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Xu, Y., Dong, Z. Y., Zhang, R., &amp; Hill, D. J. (2017). Multi-timescale coordinated voltage/VAR control of high renewable-penetrated distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 32(6), 4398–4408, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2659779.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Yin, C., Dong, J., &amp; Zhang, Y. (2025). Distributionally robust bilevel optimization model for distribution network with demand response under uncertain renewables using Wasserstein metrics. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 16(1), 118–130, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3509314.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhang, B., Cao, D., Hu, W., Ghias, A. M. Y. M., &amp; Chen, Z. (2024). Physics-informed multi-agent deep reinforcement learning enabled distributed voltage control for active distribution network using PV inverters. International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems, 155, 109641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109641.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhang, C., Xu, Y., Dong, Z. Y., &amp; Wong, K. P. (2018). Robust coordination of distributed generation and energy storage in distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(2), 1488–1499, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2583461.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhang, Z., Wang, J., &amp; Chen, B. (2021). Deep reinforcement learning for energy management in microgrids. Applied Energy, 288, 116618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116618.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhao, J., Zheng, T., &amp; Litvinov, E. (2016). A unified framework for defining and measuring flexibility in power system. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 31(1), 339–347, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2390039.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zhou, K., Yang, S., &amp; Shao, Z. (2021). Digital twin-based optimization for energy systems. Applied Energy, 285, 116419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116419.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
          </ref-list>
  </back>
  
</article>
