<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2">

  <!-- ============================================================ FRONT -->
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">377</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900026</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Business</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Human Resource Efficiency in Improving Logistics Management: An Applied Study at Kuwait Flour Mills &amp; Bakeries Company</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Meshal Nahar Thamer Al-Melfi</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training / College of Business StudiesDepartment of Administrative Affairs                        <country>Kuwait</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Khalid M  Alomari</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Business department. Alhussein Bin Talal university                        <country>Kuwait</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>9</issue>
                        <fpage>330</fpage>
            <lpage>342</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900026"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>Human Resource Efficiency; Logistics Management; Workforce Competence; Training And Development; Digital Readiness; Food Manufacturing; Kuwait.JEL Classification: M12; M11; L66; O15.</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Food-manufacturing organizations depend on coordinated human, production, storage, transport, and information capabilities. This study develops and evaluates a multidimensional model linking human resource efficiency with logistics management performance at Kuwait Flour Mills &amp; Bakeries Company. Human resource efficiency was represented by competence and skill utilization, training and continuous development, workforce planning and deployment, performance management and motivation, and digital readiness and cross-functional coordination. Logistics management performance was represented by procurement and supply coordination, inventory management, warehousing and material handling, transportation and distribution, and logistics service reliability and cost efficiency. The analysis included 218 questionnaire responses measured on a five-point Likert scale. After removing one procurement item with a standardized loading below 0.60, the final 44-item instrument demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.750-0.871; CR = 0.752-0.870; AVE = 0.505-0.576). The five human-resource dimensions jointly accounted for 62.9% of the variance in overall logistics management performance. Digital readiness and cross-functional coordination showed the strongest standardized association, followed by workforce planning, competence utilization, training, and performance management. The study provides an internally consistent model, a validated measurement structure, and practical implications for strengthening human-resource alignment with logistics priorities.</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

  <!-- ============================================================ BACK (References) -->
    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
            <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., &amp; Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Beamon, B. M. (1999). Measuring supply chain performance. International Journal of Operations &amp; Production Management, 19(3), 275-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579910249714</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Christopher, M. (2022). Logistics &amp; supply chain management (6th ed.). Pearson.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ding, M. J., Kam, B. H., Zhang, J. Y., &amp; Jie, F. (2015). Effects of human resource management practices on logistics and supply chain competencies: Evidence from China’s logistics service market. International Journal of Production Research, 53(10), 2885-2903. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.946569</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Evangelista, P., Kianto, A., Hussinki, H., Vanhala, M., &amp; Nisula, A.-M. (2023). Knowledge-based human resource management, logistics capability, and organizational performance in small Finnish logistics service providers. Logistics, 7(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics7010012</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fornell, C., &amp; Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C., &amp; Tirtiroglu, E. (2001). Performance measures and metrics in a supply chain environment. International Journal of Operations &amp; Production Management, 21(1/2), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570110358468</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., &amp; Sarstedt, M. (2019). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hohenstein, N.-O., Feisel, E., &amp; Hartmann, E. (2014). Human resource management issues in supply chain management research: A systematic literature review from 1998 to 2014. International Journal of Physical Distribution &amp; Logistics Management, 44(6), 434-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-06-2013-0175</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jahangir, S., Xie, R., Iqbal, A., &amp; Hussain, M. (2025). The influence of sustainable human resource management practices on logistics agility: The mediating role of artificial intelligence. Sustainability, 17(7), 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073099</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., &amp; Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264-1294. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0088</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kuwait Flour Mills &amp; Bakeries Company. (n.d.-a). About us. Retrieved June 20, 2026, from https://www.kuwaitflourmills.com/Home/AboutUs</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kuwait Flour Mills &amp; Bakeries Company. (n.d.-b). Factories &amp; products. Retrieved June 20, 2026, from https://www.kuwaitflourmills.com/Home/Products</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Masad, F. M., Al-Ababneh, H. A., Al-maaitah, D. A., Al-maaitah, T. A., &amp; Koverha, S. (2025). Human resource management in the logistics systems of modern companies. Acta Logistica, 12(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v12i1.591</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Nunnally, J. C., &amp; Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Patrucco, A. S., Rivera, L., Mejia-Argueta, C., &amp; Sheffi, Y. (2022). Can you grow your supply chain without skills? The role of human resource management for better supply chain management in Latin America. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 33(1), 53-78. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-11-2020-0426</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., &amp; Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rodriguez-Rudi, G., Carreno-Benavides, D. H., Acevedo-Urquiaga, A. J., &amp; Sablon-Cossio, N. (2024). The impact of management systems and human resources on logistics performance: An empirical study. Acta Logistica, 11(4), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.22306/al.v11i4.572</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tavakol, M., &amp; Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
          </ref-list>
  </back>
  
</article>
