<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="research-article"
         dtd-version="1.2">

  <!-- ============================================================ FRONT -->
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">401</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900050</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Biomedical Engineering</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Image-Pneumonia and Bone Fracture Detection</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Tojibul Islam</surname>
            <given-names>Shaikh</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh                        <country>Bangladesh</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Dewan</surname>
            <given-names>Bivas</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh                        <country>Bangladesh</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Miraj</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.                        <country>Malaysia</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Al-Mamun</surname>
            <given-names>Md.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh                        <country>Bangladesh</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>Hakim</surname>
            <given-names>Swarnaly</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh                        <country>Bangladesh</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>9</issue>
                        <fpage>656</fpage>
            <lpage>673</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900050"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>Artificial Intelligence predictions</kwd>
                <kwd>Medical Image</kwd>
                <kwd>Convolutional Neural Network</kwd>
                <kwd>Django</kwd>
                <kwd>PostgreSQL</kwd>
                <kwd>HTML5</kwd>
                <kwd>CSS3</kwd>
                <kwd>Bootstrap</kwd>
                <kwd>Javascript</kwd>
                <kwd>JSON API</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Medical X-ray image interpretation requires considerable clinical expertise and may become challenging when the workload is high or access to experienced medical professionals is limited. This study presents a web-based medical image analysis application developed using the Django framework for the automated classification of pneumonia from chest X-ray images and bone fractures from skeletal X-ray images. The proposed system integrates deep learning-based image classification with a web application interface, allowing users to upload X-ray images and obtain model-generated predictions through a single platform. The application also incorporates image validation, prediction-result storage, and an AI-assisted explanation module using the Google Gemini API to present the prediction in a more understandable form. The system was developed to demonstrate the practical integration of deep learning models into an accessible medical imaging workflow rather than to replace professional clinical diagnosis. The application provides a structured workflow from image submission and preprocessing to model inference and presentation of the predicted result. The study also discusses the limitations associated with image quality, dataset diversity, classification coverage, and the absence of explicit lesion or fracture localization. The proposed system demonstrates how a web-based deep learning application can be used as a supportive tool for preliminary medical image assessment and as a platform for further research in AI-assisted medical imaging.</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

  <!-- ============================================================ BACK (References) -->
    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
            <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Abdel-Basset M, Chang V, Mohamed R. “A novel equilibrium optimization algorithm for multi-thresholding image segmentation problems.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>“Analysis of Biomedical Images Through Deep Learning Model for the Identification of Diseases.” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>“Automated Analysis of Biomedical Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Deep Learning.” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>J. Brown et al., “Automated segmentation of cardiac structures in CT angiography: Leveraging deep learning for precise diagnosis,” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>G. Calzada-Jasso et al., “Generative Fabrication of Medical Images for Machine Learning Training,” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>G. Carneiro, J. Nascimento, and A. Bradley, “Automated analysis of unregistered multi-view mammograms with deep learning,” 2017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Chen A, Zhu L, Zang H, Ding Z, Zhan S. “Computer-aided diagnosis and decision-making system for medical data analysis: a case study on prostate MR images.” 2019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>P. Corcoran et al., “Chest X-Ray Visual Saliency Modeling: Eye-Tracking Dataset and Saliency Prediction Model,” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Das A, Rad P. “Opportunities and challenges in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): A survey.” 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gadgil SU, Endo M, Wen E, Ng AY, Rajpurkar P. “Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>G. Garcia et al., “Deep learning-based segmentation of liver lesions in ultrasound images,” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ghnemat R, Alodibat S, Abu Al-Haija Q. “Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Deep Learning Based Medical Imaging Classification.” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Guo K, Ren S, Bhuiyan MZA, Li T, Liu D, Liang Z, Chen X. “MDMaaS: Medical-Assisted Diagnosis Model as a Service with artificial intelligence and trust.” 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jafari M, Auer D, Karimi D. “DRU-Net: An efficient deep convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation.” 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Janik A., Dodd J., Ifrim G., Sankaran K., Curran K. “Interpretability of a deep learning model in the application of cardiac mri segmentation with an acdc challenge dataset.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kazi A, Farghadani S, Aganj I, Navab N. “IA-GCN: Interpretable attention based graph convolutional network for disease prediction.” 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Karimi D, Dou H, Warfield SK, Gholipour A. “Deep learning with noisy labels: Exploring techniques and remedies in medical image analysis.” 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kayalibay B, Jensen G, van der Smagt P. “CNN-based segmentation of medical imaging data.” 2017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kebaili et al., “Deep learning approaches for data augmentation in medical imaging,” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lekadir K, Osuala R, Gallin C, Lazrak N, Kushibar K, Tsakou G, et al. “FUTURE-AI: Guiding principles and consensus recommendations for trustworthy artificial intelligence in medical imaging.” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>P. Li, Y. Pei, J. Li, and H. Xie, “Medical Image Recognition Using a Novel Neural Network Construction Controlled by a Kernel Method Encoder,” 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Liu Q et al., “Imaging-Process-Informed Generative Strategy for Microwave Medical Image Processing,” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Liu X, Song L, Liu S, Zhang Y. “A review of deep-learning-based medical image segmentation methods.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>G. Litjens et al., “A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis,” 2017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>M. A. Mazurowski et al., “Deep learning in radiology: State of the art,” 2019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Meng Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Chen M, Hu P, Du Y, et al. “BI-GCN: Boundary-aware input-dependent graph convolution network for biomedical image segmentation.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Miao J, Chen C, Liu F, Wei H, Heng PA. “CauSSL: Causality-inspired semi-supervised learning for medical image segmentation.” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>E. Najdenovska et al., “Automated Identification of Eye Motion in Raw MRI Data Using Machine Learning,” 2025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>R. Rajendran and S. G. Shiva Shankar, “An overview of X-ray imaging in the medical field,” 2012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ruan J, Xiang S. “VM-UNet: Vision Mamba UNet for Medical Image Segmentation.” 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>Singh D, Somani A, Horsch A, Prasad DK. “Counterfactual explainable gastrointestinal and colonoscopy image segmentation.” 2022.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>Smith and B. Johnson, “Revolutionizing X-ray imaging: CNN-based lung tissue segmentation in chest X-rays,” 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>Stoyanov D, Taylor Z, Kia SM, Oguz I, Reyes M, Martel A, Maier-Hein L, Marquand AF, Duchesnay E, Löfstedt T, Landman B, Cardoso MJ, Silva CA, Pereira S, Meier R. “Understanding and interpreting machine learning in medical image computing and applications.” 2018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>Z. Teng, L. Li, Z. Xin, D. Xiang, J. Huang, H. Zhou, F. Shi, W. Zhu, J. Cai, T. Peng, and X. Chen, “A literature review of artificial intelligence (AI) for medical image segmentation: From AI and explainable AI to trustworthy AI,” 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tragakis A, Kaul C, Murray-Smith R, Husmeier D. “The fully convolutional transformer for medical image segmentation.” 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>Williams D, Brown L. “Multimodal integration of clinical data, demographics, and imaging for enhanced disease classification in X-ray images.” 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>Yadav, N. L., Singh, S., Kumar, R., &amp; Singh, S. “Medical image analysis for detection, treatment and planning of disease using artificial intelligence approaches.” 2024.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>W. Zhang et al., “Annular Prior Prompt Learning for Medical Images Segmentation,” 2026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
            <ref id="ref39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>M. A. Mazurowski et al., “Deep learning in radiology: State of the art,” 2019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
          </ref-list>
  </back>
  
</article>
