Naval architect and marine hydrodynamist also seek to understand the motion response of floating structure and many approaches have been employed as well. One of such analysis is the spectral analysis of any mode of the vessel response. In this paper, the response spectral analysis of a heaving semi-submersible with two cylindrical pontoon and four columns and six columns will be examined. The analysis was carried out with the irregular sea modelled using the JONSWAP spectrum and it was seen that the area under the motion spectrum was narrow band as expected with a broadness parameter of 0.15 seconds and fourth spectral moments of the displacement response spectrum of the heave mode were also computed and agreed with the Rayleigh distributions model.
- Page(s): 01-04
- Date of Publication: 05 March 2022
- Elakpa, Ada Augustine Department of Marine Engineering, Nigeria Maritime University Okorenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
- Pullah Abeki Department of Marine Engineering, Nigeria Maritime University Okorenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
References
[1] Chandrasekaran, S. a. (2014). Numerical study on geometrical configurations of perforated cylindrical structures. Journal of Performance of Constructional Facilities, 37-45. doi:0.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000687
[2] Coullings, A. (2013). Validation of a FAST semi-submersible floating Wind turbine numerical model with Deep C wind test data. In A. Coullings, Validation of a FAST semi-submersible floating Wind turbine numerical model with Deep C wind test data (pp. 321-334). U.S.A: Journal of Renewable & Substainable Energy.
[3] Elakpa Ada Augustine, D. I. (2018). Development of Preliminary Ship Motion Prediction tool for coupled Heave and Pitch. American Journal of Engineering Research, 195-204.
[4] JONKMAN, J. (2007). Dynamic modelling and loads Analysis of an Offhsore Floarting Wind turbine. In J. Jonkman, Dynamic modelling and loads Analysis of an Offhsore Floarting Wind turbine (pp. 340-357). USA: ProQuest Ann Arbor USA.
[5] Kashiwagi, M. (2021). Wave-Body Interaction Theory( (Theory of Ship Waves). In M. Kashiwagi, Wave-Body Interaction Theory( (Theory of Ship Waves) (pp. 31-88). Japan.
[6] Kim, J. A. (2011). CFD simulation of flow induced motions of a CFD simulation of flow induced motions of a multicolumn floating platform. n Proceeding of the ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, American Society, 319–326.
[7] Kvittem, M. (2012). Effects of hydrosynamic modelling in fully coupled simulations of a semi-submersible wind turbine. In M. Kvittem, Effects of hydrosynamic modelling in fully coupled simulations of a semi-submersible wind turbine (pp. 292-321). USA: Energy Procedia.
[8] Bettle, M. G. (2009). Unsteady analysis of the six DOF motion of a buoyantly rising submarine. Computers & Fluids, 1833–1849.
[9] Campbell, R. (2010). Fluid-structure Interaction and Inverse Design Simulations for Flexible Turbomachinery. In R. Campbell, Fluid-structure Interaction and Inverse Design Simulations for Flexible Turbomachinery (pp. 124-209). Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA.
[10] Dunbar, A. C. (2015). Development and validation of a tightly coupled CFD/6-DOF solver for simulating floating offshore wind turbine platforms. Ocean Engineering, 98–105.
[11] Henderson, A. &. (2009). On the modelling of a floating offshore wind turbine. Wind Energy, 53-86.
[12] Lee, C. &. (2006). WAMIT User Manual. In C. &. Lee, WAMIT User Manual (pp. 121-254). MA USA.
[13] O.M, F. (1993). Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures. In F. O.M, Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures (pp. 220-243). UK: Cambridge.
[14] Ordu Azunna, D. O. (2021). Analysis of the Heaving Motion of a Semi-Submersible Adapted for Offshore Accomdation. International Resrarch Journal of Mordernization in Engineering Technology and Science .
[15] Rameswar Bhachattacharyya(1978) Dynamic of Marine Vehicles.A Wiley-Intersceience Publications 46-60,140-146
[16] Salvaseon, T. (1970). Ship motion and sea loads. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 5-13.
[17] Schwarz, T. (2007). RANS simulations with one and six degrees of freedom rigid body motions. in New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics VI, C, 321-343.
[18] Tran.T.T. (2015). The coupled dynamic response computstion for a semi submersible platform of floating offshore wind turbine. 421-432.
[19] Wang, X. (2018). A numerical and experiemental study of internal solitary wave loads on semi-submersible plateforms. Ocean Engineering.
[20] Wang.X, Z. (2017). A numerical wavekmaker for internal solitary waves timely updated mass source/sink terms. European Journal of Mechanics, 45-48.
[21] Yu, Z. S. (2016). Implementation of linear potential-flow theory in the 6DOF coupled simulation of ship collision and grounding accidents. Journal of Ship Research, 119–144.
Elakpa, Ada Augustine, Pullah Abeki, "Heave Motion Spectral analysis of a semi- ubmersible vessel adapted for offshore accommodations in deep water" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.11 issue 2, February 2022, pp.01-04 URL: https://ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.11Issue2/01-04.pdf
Sri Lanka has undergone numerous changes in the fields of social-economic and cultural processors during the past decades. Consequently, the Sri Lankan construction industry was subjected to rapid growth while contributing a considerable amount to the national economy. The prevailing situation under the Covid-19 pandemic exhibited challenges to almost all of the sectors of the country in attaining success. Although productivity is one of the dimensions that measure the degree of project success, achieving sufficient productivity has become challengeable due to the Covid-19 outbreak. As employee motivation is an influential factor in defining productivity, the present study becomes significant in discovering ways of enhancing construction productivity via employee motivation. The study has adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in attaining the study objectives. While the research population refers to construction professionals in Sri Lanka, the study sample is aimed at Quantity Surveyors in the bottom and middle managements of organizational hierarchies. The data collection was implemented via primary and secondary sources. The primary data collection was accomplished by undertaking semi-structured interviews and online questionnaire surveys while sampling the overall respondents based on the purposive sample method. The responses of the questionnaire survey were gathered in a form of a ‘Likert Scale’ to examine the degree of applicability on each respondent. Overall, 76.36% of primary data were recovered from the expected count while obtaining 60 responses from the questionnaire survey and 24 responses from interviews. Secondary data were obtained by reviewing sources such as research articles, journals, newspapers, books, etc. The findings suggest adopting and enhancing sixteen motivational factors in achieving greater productivity in the Sri Lankan construction sector.
- Page(s): 05-11
- Date of Publication: 05 March 2022
- Tharaki Hettiarachchi Department of Civil Technology, University College of Kuliyapitiya, University of Vocational Technology, Sri Lanka
References
[1] Akoi-Gyebi Adjei, E., 2009. Motivational strategies to improve productivity in the construction industry in Ghana (Doctoral dissertation). [2] Al-Abbadi, G.M.D. and Agyekum-Mensah, G., 2019. The effects of motivational factors on construction professionals productivity in Jordan. International Journal of Construction Management, pp.1-12. [3] Banerjee, D. And Rai, M., 2020. Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. [4] Bawa, M.A., 2017. Employee motivation and productivity: a review of literature and implications for management practice. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 12, pp.662-673. [5] Camilleri, M.A., 2021. The Employees’ State of Mind during COVID-19: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Sustainability, 13(7), p.3634. [6] Chanana, N., 2020. Employee engagement practices during COVID‐19 lockdown. Journal of Public Affairs, p.e2508. [7] Cole, G.A (2002). Management: Theory and practice. London: TJ International [8] Department of Census and Statics (2020), Ministry of Finance, Economy and Policy Development, National Accounts of Sri Lanka. [9] Erandi, K.K.W.H., Mahasinghe, A.C., Perera, S.S.N. and Jayasinghe, S., 2020. Effectiveness of the strategies implemented in Sri Lanka for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Applied Mathematics. [10] Fred, C.L., 2011. Expectancy theory of motivation: Motivating by altering expectations. International Jonrnal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), pp.1-6. [11] Green, P., 2016. The perceived influence on organizational productivity: a perspective of a public entity. Problems & perspectives in management (Print). [12] Hansen, S., Rostiyanti, S.F., Rizaldi, R. And Andjarwati, C., 2021. Quantity Surveyors’ Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Mixed Method Approach. In Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum (Vol. 1000, No. 1000). [13] Hitka, M., Štarchoň, P., Caha, Z., Lorincová, S. And Sedliačiková, M., 2021. The global health pandemic and its impact on the motivation of employees in micro and small enterprises: a case study in the Slovak Republic. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, pp.1-21. [14] Ibinwangi, O.J. and Comfort, C.N.,2016. Reiko International Journal of Business and Finance Vol. 8 no 4 June. [15] Jain, A., Gupta, B. And Bindal, M., 2019. A study of employee motivation in organization. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR), 9(6), pp.65-68. [16] Kenny S, V., 2019. Employee productivity and organizational performance: A theoretical perspective. [17] Krugman, P., 1994. Defining and measuring productivity. The Age of diminishing Expectations. [18] Men, L.R., Qin, Y.S. and Jin, J., 2021. Fostering Employee Trust via Effective Supervisory Communication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Through the Lens of Motivating Language Theory. International Journal of Business Communication, p.23294884211020491. [19] Nda, M.M. & Fard, R.Y. (2013). The Impact of Employee Training and Development on Employee Productivity, Global Journal of Commerce & Management Perspective, 2 (6), pp. 91-93. [20] Nilasari, B.M., Nisfiannoor, M. And Devinta, F.R.M., 2021. Changes in Motivation That Affect Employee Performance during the Covid 19 Pandemic. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(2). [21] Okarčíková, E. (2013). Measurement of Highly Qualified Employees Productivity, Annals of Dunarea de Jos [22] Okoh, D.N.M.S.O., 2015. Productivity improvement in construction project delivery. Civil and Environmental Research ISSN, pp.2224-5790. [23] Olatunji, A.G., Lawal, E.E., Badmus, A.I. and Tejideen, T.O., 2016. Motivation as a determinant of employees’ productivity: A study of Communication Network Support Service Limited (CNSSL), Ilorin’. Abuja Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 2(5), pp.103-112. [24] Pathirana, L.P.D.S., 2020. Effect of COVID-19 and Strategic Response: A Review on Sri Lankan Construction Industry. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 7, pp.73-77. [25] Susmitha, R.S., Raja, K.H. and Asadi, S.S., 2018. A Statistical Approach for Ranking of Factors Impacting the Timeline of Residential Construction Projects Using Important Index Method (IMPI). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), pp.1075-83. [26] Tokarčíková, E. (2013). Measurement of Highly Qualified Employees Productivity, Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 3, pp. 5-10 [27] University of Galati, 3, pp. 5-10. [28] Vroom, A. H. (1964).Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [29] Wolor, C.W., Susita, D. And Martono, S., 2020. How to Maintain Employee Motivation Amid The Covid-19 Virus Pandemic. International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), 8(4), pp.78-86. [30] World Bank, 2021. Sri Lanka Development Update 2021: Economic and Poverty Impact of COVID-19. [31] Yeshwanth, B.R., 2017. Modern Quantity Surveying-A complete package adding values to projects. Yeshwanth Babu Reddy, Australia, p.3. [32] Yusoff, W.F.W., Kian, T.S. and Idris, M.T.M., 2013. Herzberg’s two factors theory on work motivation: does its work for todays environment. Global journal of commerce and Management, 2(5), pp.18-2.
Tharaki Hettiarachchi, "The State of Employee Motivation during Covid-19 Outbreak in Sri Lankan Construction Sector" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.11 issue 2, February 2022, pp.05-11 URL: https://ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.11Issue2/05-11.pdf
Fabrication of steel structures such as car bodies, shafts and pressure vessels always involves shaping and surface strengthening (case hardening of the metal). Shaping operations such as bending, drawing and twisting strain hardens the metal as well as the carburizing process. Therefore the strength of the metal required at different stages of metal forming process depends on the operations needed at each stage. Thus, this paper is a presentation of effort made to determine the combined effect of strain hardening and carburizing on the some mechanical properties of plain carbon steel. In this study, seven pieces of tensile test specimens were produced from 0.21 weight percent carbon steel. The gauge length of the specimens was 50mm while the cross-sectional diameter was 10mm, which is in accordance to British Standard Specification. Six pieces of the specimens were carburized using a homogeneous mixture of pulverized charcoal, calcium carbonate and barium carbonate in 70 %( 10.5kg), 20 %( 3kg) and 10 %( 1.5kg) proportions respectively as source of carbon and XKL15 laboratory furnace for heat treatment. The mixture (carbon source) was put into a 12litres steel box and six specimens were buried in the carbon base medium, maintaining uniform spacing of 5cm and was well compacted. Together with its content, the steel box was then put in the furnace and the furnace was then powered and regulated to 950oC. All through the heat treatment time, the furnace was maintained at constant temperature of 950oC (Holding Temperature). One specimen was withdrawn from the furnace at 4 hours intervals; thus, the specimens were carburized 4, 8.12,16,20 and 24 hours soaking times and cooled naturally under atmospheric pressure. They were cleaned and tested together with the non- heat treated specimen using Admet Tensile Test Machine. From the stress-strain curve obtained in each case, stress values at 0.02 strain intervals were deduced. The ultimate tensile stress of each specimen was also determined and recorded. The values obtained were represented graphically and also used to determine the strain hardening coefficient of each specimen, using Least Square Method. The length of each specimen at fracture was also measured using Mitutoyo 500-196-30 digital caliper and the values obtained were used to calculate the percentage elongation. From the results obtained, the strain hardening coefficients are 0.2656, 0.3003, 0.3436, 0.3668, 0.3814, 0.3988 and 0.4141 for the untreated specimen, 4, 8.12,16,20 and 24 hours heat treated specimens respectively. Also, the percentage elongation are 22.00, 18.00, 16.00, 14.10, 13.89, 12.00 and 10.00 for the untreated specimen, 4, 8.12,16,20 and 24 hours heat treated specimens respectively. The ultimate tensile stress are 296.99, 348.07, 370.43, 385.42, 409, 415.48 and 420.82MPa for the untreated specimen, 4, 8.12,16,20 and 24 hours carburized specimens respectively. The results obtained show that strain hardening coefficient and tensile strength of the steel increase with increase in soaking time so also the tensile strength of the steel. On the other hand , the ductility(percentage elongation) decreases with increase in soaking time until it drops to its least and constant value .The results of this study may serve as a guide in controlling of the strain hardening of plain carbon steel in advanced metal processing which is applicable in general metal fabrication. A further study is recommended in which the carburized case depth for each soaking time is determined. It will also be of interest to determine variation of the mechanical properties of the steel with the carburized case depths. The results of this study would be instrumental in predicting the overall quality a finished product in metal forming process.
- Page(s): 12-18
- Date of Publication: 12 March 2022
- H. C., Olisakwe Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- I. E. Ekengwu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- V. I. Ehirim Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
References
[1] Gonzalez,(2008).Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Phase diagram.From Publication37:NCMER029(https://www.pinteret.com/pin/382876405820965) [2] Brain R.,(2019).What are the Different Grades of Steel(www.meadmetal.com) [3] Dani W.,(2017).Know About Steel Alloy(www.meadmetal.com) [4] Carburizing Process and Carburizing Steel-IspatGuru(https://www.ispatguru.com-carburizing-steel/) [5] Hussein M and Mohamed A.(2010).Case Carburizing of Steel-37.NIN 13 th Scientifc Conference.(https://www,researchgate.net/publication/274250758) [6] Laboratory furnace-XKL15-France Etuves-preheating/heat treatment/annealing.(https://www.directindustry.com/prod/france-etuves/product-54847-358640.html) [7] Li, M. (2016). Carbon Diffusion and Carburizing Parameter Selection. Thermal.https://thermalprocessing.com/metal-urgency-carbon-diffusion-and-carburizing-paramter-selection/ [8] Bahaa S. and Ahmed S.(2013).Slurry Erosion Corrosion of Carburized AISI 5117 Steel.Doi:1007/511249-013-0155-5. [9] Lenard G.(2014). Mathematical and Physical Modeling of the Flat Rolling Process. Primer on Flat Rolling second edition. [10] Bowen, A. W. and Partridge, P. G.(1974). Limmitations of Hollomon strain-hardening equation. Journal of Physics D: Appliied Physics, vol. no.7 , 969. [11] Uijl, N. J, D. and Carless, L. J. (2012). 3-Advanced Metal-Forming Technologies for automotive applications. Advanced Materials in Automotive Engineering, pp. 28-56. [12] Jumadin M. H., Abdullah B., Ismial M. H.,Alias S.K.,and Ahmed S.(2017).Effect of Soaking time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel.Material Science & Engineering.vol.740, pp. 93-99 [13] Mechanical Tensile Testing Part,1.(https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/mechanical-testing-tensle-testing-part-1-069) [14] Anyanwu K., Ekengwu I. and Utu O.(2019)Verification of Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement Steel Bars Used in Nigerian Local Buildings and Construction Sites(Imo State as Case Study).IRE Journals,vol.3, No. 4, pp. 217-226.
H. C., Olisakwe, I. E. Ekengwu, V. I. Ehirim, "Determining the Effect of Carburizing on the Strain Hardening Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.11 issue 2, February 2022, pp.12-18 URL: https://ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.11Issue2/12-18.pdf
With Nigeria’s large and growing population, and rapid growth in urbanization, there is the likelihood that the energy demand including that for transportation will continue to increase and, thus, put further pressure on the country's environment, intensify the climate change threat and exacerbate transportation energy challenges. This study critically evaluated Autogas and CNG, and the factors impeding its utilization in Nigeria. The study also discussed other gas utilization options. Technological modifications needed to boost the utilization of CNG as a transportation energy source were discussed. Finally, a comparative analysis of Autogas, CNG, natural gas to hydrogen and natural gas to electricity technologies in transportation sector was conducted using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). From the TOPSIS analysis and results, the best natural gas transport technology considering fuel life cycle efficiency and life cycle greenhouse gas emission is Natural Gas to Electricity technology with a score of 0.691. This is followed by Natural gas to hydrogen technology with a score of 0.689. This is followed by LPG with the score of 0.459. CNG is the least efficient technology in this analysis with a score of 0.308. The TOPSIS analysis indicated that Autogas and CNG is superior to the other transport fuel technologies in terms of greenhouse gas emissions but performed poorly against them in the area of fuel life cycle efficiency. Hence, more focused researches on how to improve the fuel life cycle efficiency of CNG in order to maximize its utilization in the transportation sector and boost the Nigerian Economy need to be conducted.
- Page(s): 19-25
- Date of Publication: 18 March 2022
- Obo-Obaa Elera Njiran Centre For Gas, Refining And Petrochemicals Engineering University Of Port Harcourt
- Prof. Joseph A. Ajienka Centre For Gas, Refining And Petrochemicals Engineering University Of Port Harcourt
- Franklin Okoro Cleanscript Group
References
[1]. Achtnicht, M., Bühler, G., Hermeling, C. (2012). The impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 17(3), 262–269. [2]. Alternative Fuels Data Centre (2004). U.S. Department of Energy, United States of America, viewed 14 August 2020, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/whatis_gas.html [3]. Ashton-Jones, N., Arnott, S., Douglas, O. & ERA (1998). The human ecosystems of the Niger Delta: An ERA handbook, Benin City, Nigeria: Environmental Rights Action (ERA). [4]. Autoworld (2004). ‘NGV…What is it?’ Autoweb Sdn. Bhd., viewed 14 August 2020, http://www.autoworld.com.my/motoring/review/viewarticle.asp?awMID=83&awCatID=RT.ATC.TIP.GEN [5]. Barbotti (2002). CNG 2002, Barbotti CNG, Santa Fe, Argentina, viewed 27 August 2019, http://www.barbotti.com/cng/advantages.htm [6]. Bassey, N. (2008). Gas flaring: Assaulting communities, jeopardizing the World. Available at: http://www.eraction.org/publications/presentations/gas-flaring-ncc-abuja.pdf (assessed 8th Aug. 2020) [7]. Beg I. and Rashid T. (2014). Multi-criteria trapezoidal valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision making with Choquet integral based TOPSIS, OPSEARCH, 51(1), 98-129. [8]. Boulstridge, E. and Carrigan, M. (2000). Do consumers really care about corporate responsibility? Highlighting the attitude-behaviour gap. Journal of Communication Management 4(4), 355–368. [9]. BP Global (2005) ‘Natural Gas’, BP Public Limited Company, United Kingdom, viewed 14 August 2020, http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=2012413&contentId=2018342
Obo-Obaa Elera Njiran; Prof. Joseph A. Ajienka; Franklin Okoro, "Performance Evaluation of Transportation Fuel Technologies from Natural Gas - A Comparative Analysis" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.11 issue 2, February 2022, pp.19-25 URL: https://ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.11Issue2/19-25.pdf
The microbial analysis of flood waters was investigated in Tombia community, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. This was done to determine the type of microbes associated with flood water in Tombia community and the potential health risk implications of flood waters. Triplicate water samples were collected with sterile bottles from four different locations at Tombia community. Samples were tested using standard procedures and techniques. Result from the investigation reveal that all the samples that were collected from four sampling stations had bacteria and fungi. The total heterotrophic count ranged from 1.80 x 106 - 7.10 x 106 cfu/ml. Location 4 has the lowest heterotrophic count while Location 2 had the highest heterotrophic count. In this study the coliform and lactose enteric fermenting bacterial count ranged from 1.81 x 104 - 3.53 x 104 cfu/ml. Location 3 had the lowest count while Location 1 had the highest count. The total fungi count ranged from 1.56 x 105 - 8.67 x 105 cfu/ml. Location 1 had the lowest count while Location 4 had the highest count. The results show a total of 10 different bacteria isolates. However, they occurred differently in terms of the frequency of isolation. With E. coli and Enterobacter occurring in every sample tested. The characterization of fungi isolate associated with the four different stations shows a total of 4 different fungi isolate. However, they occurred differently in terms of frequency of isolation, with Fisarium and Mucur species occurring the most. The general picture of flood water microbial analysis in this study, showed that the flood water samples collected from the four different locations in Tombia community were all contaminated with all sorts of bacteria and fungi. As flooding in low land areas is a perennial event, it is important that more data on pathogen concentration in flood waters should be collected to make more reliable health risk assessment, because of the health risk associated with flood incidents are expected to increase in the future, due to more rainfall induced by climate change.
- Page(s): 26-33
- Date of Publication: 19 March 2022
- Gijo, A. H. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
- Alagoa, K. J Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
References
[1] Abraham, W.R and Wenderoth, D.F (2005) Fate of facultative pathogenic microorganisms during and after the flood of the Elbe and Mulde rivers in August 2002. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 33 (2005), pp. 449-454, 10.1002/aheh.200400587.
[2] Ashley R, Balmforth D.J, Saul, A.J, Blanskby, J.D (2005) Flooding in the future - Predicting climate change, risks and responses in urban areas. February 2005: 52(5):265-73.
[3] Bariweni, P.A., Tawari, C.C. and Abowei, J.F.N. (2012): Some Environmental Effects of Flooding in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1(1): 35-46.
[4] Benson, H.J. 2002. Microbiological applications: Laboratory manual in general microbiology.Eighth Edition. McGraw Hill: New York
[5] Cheesbrough M (2006). Medical Laboratory Manual. Tropical Health Technology, Low priced Edition. Doddington, Cambridgeshire, England, 20-35.
[6] Donovan, E, Unice, K. Jennifer D. Roberts, Harris, M., Finley, B (2008) Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Water of the Lower Passaic River. ASM Journals Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 4.
[7] Holt, R.A, Amandi, A., Rohovec,J. S., Fryer, J.L (1989) Relation of Water Temperature to Bacterial Cold-Water Disease in Coho Salmon, Chinook Salmon, and Rainbow Trout. Journal of Animal Health. Vol 1 (2).
[8] Kistemann, T, Clataben, T, Koch, C. Dangedorf, F, Fishender, R, Gebel, J, Vacata, V, Exner, M. (2002) Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff. ASM Journals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 68, No. 5.
[9] Mhuantong,W, Wongwilaiwalin, S, Laothanachareon, T., Eurwilaichitr, L., Tangphatsornruang, S., Boonchayaanant, B., Limpiyakorn, T., Pattaragulwanit, K., Punmatharith, T., McEvoy, J., Khan, E., Rachakornkij, M., Verawat Champreda, V. (2011) Survey of Microbial Diversity in Flood Areas during Thailand 2011 Flood Crisis Using High-Throughput Tagged Amplicon Pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0128043. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128043
[10] Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2005). Environmental microbiology: A laboratory manual. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
[11] Social action (2012): The 2012 Floods. Social Action Briefing, No. 5 December, 2012 pp. 2-14.
[12] Thompson, M.T. (1964): Historical Floods in New England. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
[13] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002): Water Quality Monitoring for Coffee Creek (Porter County, Indiana). United States Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved September, 2006.
[14] Veldhuis, J.E, Clemens, F.H, Sterk, G, Berends, B.R (2010) Microbial risks associated with exposure to pathogens in contaminated urban flood water. Water Research. Volume 44, Issue 9, May 2010, Pages 2910-2918
[15] Yard, E.E, Murphy, M.W., Schneeberger, C., Narayanan, J., Hoo E., Freiman, A., Lewis, L.S & Hil, V.R l (2014) Microbial and chemical contamination during and after flooding in the Ohio River—Kentucky, 2011, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 49:11, 1236-1243, DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.910036
Gijo, A. H. and Alagoa, K. J, "Microbial Analysis of Flood Water at Tombia Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.11 issue 2, February 2022, pp.26-33 URL: https://ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.11Issue2/26-33.pdf