INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue X, October 2024
www.ijltemas.in Page 18
Social Penetration Analysis in Self-Disclosure of Online Loan
Application Users to Their Partners
Suciati, Krisna Mulawarman
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.131004
Received: 19 October 2024; Accepted: 29 October 2024; Published: 05 November 2024
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the disclosure of online loan users to their partners through social penetration theory.
Information technology-based money lending services are one of the innovations in the financial sector, utilizing technology to
facilitate lending transactions without meeting in person. This transaction mechanism is carried out through a system provided by
the Fintech Lending Organizer, either through an application or a website. Several problems arise because of the characteristics of
online loans that often terrorize and intimidate people close to them without asking permission. This study is descriptive, using
data collection techniques on ten pairs of online loan informants with their partners. Data analysis was carried out using
interactive techniques involving interactions between data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. Based on
the social penetration analysis, five pairs of informants decided to separate/divorce, while five pairs did not divorce. The five
pairs of informants who did not divorce were at stages 3 (affective exchange) and 4 (stable exchange). The five pairs who
divorced were at stage 2 (exploration of affective exchange), which decreased the development of their relationship to
deterioration. Couples who eventually divorce receive negative Feedback from their partners in the form of anger, annoyance, and
regret. The perpetrators decide to get involved in online loans without discussing it with their partners but also have no desire to
discuss it. The perpetrators' mindset, household economic problems, characteristics of online loans, and skills in communicating
issues to their partners color the couple's interactions towards the end of the relationship. On the other hand, supportive Feedback,
personality, and gender of the partner are factors that influence self-disclosure.
I. Introduction
One financing service product currently developing is Peer Peer Lending, better known to the public as online loans. Fintech
Lending or Information Technology-Based Money Lending Services is one of the innovations in the financial sector that utilizes
technology. Lenders and borrowers make transactions without having to meet in person. The lending and borrowing transaction
mechanism is carried out through a system that has been provided by the Fintech Lending Organizer, either through an
application or a website (OJK, 2016). This facility has certainly provided convenience for the public in accessing financing
without complicated conditions, as in formal financial institutions/banks.
The majority of borrowers served by online loans come from groups of workers, farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and Micro, Small
and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The common reason borrowers take out online loans is the difficulty in accessing formal
financial services, which have various administrative requirements that must be met. Based on several studies that have been
conducted, online loans do not require collateral (Susanti, 2020). The development of fintech is marked by the presence of fintech
start-ups that want to compete with banking financial services. The competition between the two resulted in the presence of
fintech start-ups as disruptive innovations. It is proven that the presence of Fintech in Indonesia can disrupt old market players. In
this case, fintech and banks have the same role, namely financial service providers. Moreover, fintech service products offer
competitive options compared to banks (Iman, 2020).
Even so, of course, we cannot disregard the rampant cases that occur around online loans, starting from illegal online loans that
are used as a means to commit money laundering or terrorism financing, misuse of user data and information, to high interest
rates and unethical debt collection (Budiyanti, 2019). The existence of online loan applications based on Peer Peer Lending is
legally regulated through POJK 0.77/POJK.01/2016 concerning Loan Services for money based on information technology. The
OJK regulation regulates the articles on online loans, online loan procedures, the categories of illegal online loans, and OJK
sanctions against online loans (Santi, 2019).
As the vanguard, the Indonesian government is determined to protect the public from the growth of illegal fintech, such as online
loan applications; the Investment Alert Task Force (SWI) has been formed. The chairman of SWI, Tongam L. Tobing, has closed
4,160 online loan applications that endanger the public. It turns out that the debt of Indonesian people to online loans is 18 million
Indonesians, or around 5% of Indonesia's population, which is around 279 million people. The majority of active debtors are on
the island of Java, with a percentage reaching around 73%. Meanwhile, the distribution of online loans in Indonesia increased to
IDR 22.76 trillion in March 2024 (databooks, 2024). The development of fintech also encourages banks to innovate in digital
services constantly. Banks can innovate technology in maximizing services and evaluating business models. Small and medium
enterprises still need collateral from banking institutions (Yum et al., 2012).
According to Yulianto (2023), online loans can cause various psychological impacts that will be experienced. Many people begin
to close themselves off from the public eye because they are entangled in a lot of online loans. They begin to close themselves off
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue X, October 2024
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because they experience depression and anxiety that is so strong that it causes physical health problems, such as headaches, lack
of sleep, and loss of focus. Borrowers experience stress because they fail to pay their debts and are often contacted by debt
collectors in a rude and intimidating manner, and not infrequently, they will be threatened with violence or even murder.
According to the perpetrators, they are actually under pressure, so they are afraid to be honest with their families. As a result,
some perpetrators want to end their involvement in online loans to live normally with their families.
Indeed, the growth of online loan services has significantly impacted the financial paradigm of society in Indonesia. Amid these
changes, a prominent issue has also emerged that impacts the perspective of family harmony, namely divorce cases. Previous
studies have highlighted that economic issues are the most significant cause of household divorce. Divorce caused by economic
factors is often related to problems providing family support. Several cases occur in society when the husband, who should be
responsible for his family's needs, does not carry out his responsibilities optimally or does not try to fulfil his obligations.
However, another case is when the husband, who is actually responsible and tries hard to provide a living, is faced with a
situation where his wife has a luxurious lifestyle so that she demands a living that exceeds her husband's financial capabilities,
which then leads to filing for divorce (Sugianor & Fitri, 2020). It was from here that all efforts were made by husbands to get
involved in online loans on the grounds of easy requirements.
The increase in divorce cases related to financial problems shows the importance of economic factors in marital harmony. Online
loans have proven to be a trigger for disputes when couples face financial pressure. These quarrels have a negative impact on
household stability. In divorce cases involving online loans in the Religious Court, the judge has a position as a determinant of
justice. Usually, the judge can use sociological interpretation to understand the impact of online loans on household life.
Unstoppable economic conditions can cause a couple to take action to borrow online loans without their partner's knowledge.
Unwillingness to be honest with a partner indicates a loss of trust. They eventually give rise to conflict and tension in the
relationship. Not to mention, debt collection using intimidation can also impact the psychology of the perpetrator and those
closest to him. Feelings of fear also overshadow the husband's response when he finds out he has betrayed him by lying and
involving himself in online loans.
Meanwhile, more communication is needed. Limitations due to fear of honesty can cause conflict, resulting in misunderstandings
and distrust. Even though there are limitations in communication, wives should still be open to their husbands, especially when it
comes to economic problems. In addition, the wife must be careful and selective when deciding. The act of taking out an online
loan is indeed a convenience for a group of people in need, especially for someone who lives in a village and is newly married,
coupled with easy access and requirements so that someone will be easily tempted by this (Nurapipah and Abdullah, 2024).
However, it should be noted that online loans are not a solution to family financial problems; rather, they have become a new
problem, one of which is the occurrence of household breakdown. This study explores how online loan users express themselves
to their partners from the perspective of social penetration theory.
II. Literature Review
Interpersonal Communication
Communication between two or more people with an indication of intimacy is called interpersonal communication (Budyatna and
Ganiem, 2011). Various factors, including interpersonal communication, can influence a person's self-concept. The idea that an
individual exists within himself and cannot be observed directly is as essential as communication as its psychological component
(Septiani et al., 2019). The process of sending and receiving messages directly or indirectly between the sender and the recipient
is known as interpersonal communication. If the people involved in the communication can exchange information without using
media, then it is said that direct communication has occurred. At the same time, the use of specific media distinguishes indirect
communication. Interpersonal communication is a process. Exchange of ideas, information, messages, symbols, or other concepts.
In other words, it is a process in which relationships are influenced by each other. Interpersonal communication is characterized
by two-way message flow, informal environment, instant Feedback, individual closeness, and sending and receiving messages.
These characteristics can be observed and contrasted with other communication styles, both verbal and nonverbal (Aw, 2011, pp.
14–15).
Devito (2004) revealed five positive things to consider when planning interpersonal communication. These include:
a. Openness means being willing to listen to others' opinions, accept their contributions, and offer important information.
This openness refers to the readiness to reveal information that is usually kept confidential and is characterized by
honesty.
b. Empathy means the ability to put oneself in another person's shoes so that one can understand what the other person is
going through. This ability includes understanding the motivations, experiences, feelings, attitudes, hopes, and desires of
others.
c. Supportive attitude: Each communication party is committed to supporting the implementation of open interaction.
d. Positive attitude: people involved in interpersonal communication must have good feelings and thoughts, not prejudice
and suspicion.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
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e. Equality: involves recognizing that all parties have needs, are equally important, and have the same interests. Putting
oneself on an equal footing with others, recognizing differences in interests, appreciating the value of others' presence,
refraining from imposing one's will, and needing each other.
Social Penetration Theory
Social Penetration Theory, developed by Altman and Taylor (2006), states that the social exchange process involves the
development of relationships between people in a bond and describes the pattern of its formation. The concept of social
penetration also proposes that human decision-making is based on the concept of "costs" and "rewards". When people say
something is expensive to do, they will hesitate before trying it. However, if the benefits outweigh the costs, people will still do it.
In other words, people will weigh the advantages and disadvantages. In human relationships, every process involves "social
exchange". Simply put, the sacrifices and costs must be balanced. If someone feels that there is a greater sacrifice when
establishing a relationship, a breakup could occur. The following are the stages of relationship development theory in social
penetration:
a. Orientation Stage
The orientation stage, as a period of introduction, will be established at the public level. Two individuals relate; they will be open
by considering the social values played, tend to keep secrets and filter the messages they want to convey. Both parties deliberately
try to avoid getting involved in conflict.
b. Affective Exploration Exchange
Occurs when two people begin to share information about themselves, although still limited and cautious. They begin to show
their true selves to the other person. Participants will start to use more intimate language or idioms. During this period, there is
also an increase in touching and emotional expression. This stage will determine whether a bond will be extended or not.
c. Affective Exchange
Interactions at this stage are more relaxed; communication often occurs spontaneously. The formation of friendships and more
intimate relationships between people occurs at this stage. Deeper levels of judgmental and evaluative feelings emerge.
Nonverbal cues are also well-informed and easier to understand. The presence of mutual criticism, disagreements, and resentment
between people are also indicators, even though they do not yet pose a danger to the continuation of the relationship.
d. Stable Exchange
Total openness occurs at this stage, including openness to one's thoughts, attitudes, and feelings. Participants demonstrated a very
intimate attitude, meaning that the other party could accurately anticipate or predict each person's repeated attitudes. Small things
do not matter, so they can avoid conflict because the communication system has been built and produces effective
communication.
Altman and Taylor use the analogy of an onion to explain the process of social penetration theory. In essence, humans have
several layers in their interactions. If the outermost layer is peeled off an onion, then another layer will be found. In this onion
analogy, according to West and Taylor (Wulandari, 2013), there is still a division of levels of social penetration based on the
layers in the onion.
a. Public Image: a person's public image that can be seen directly, such as biographical information.
b. Reciprocity: the openness of others will lead a person to be open, examples of topics that bring up reciprocity are tastes,
hobbies, music, lessons, etc.
c. Breadth refers to the topics discussed within a bond, for example, religious beliefs and perspectives.
d. Depth refers to the level of intimacy that focuses on dialogue about a topic. At this stage, the bond has a small breadth
and shallow depth.
Self-disclosure in social penetration theory is the process of increasing deeper intimacy with others through self-disclosure
(Griffin in Faidlatul Habibah et al., 2021). According to Johnson, self-disclosure is how an individual reveals the situation he is
facing and is willing to provide information about the past that is appropriate and useful for understanding the individual's
response (Supratiknya, 1995). In the process of interaction between humans, self-disclosure is manifested in sharing opinions,
feelings, and fantasies and pouring out reactions and responses to situations that are generally covered up but conveyed so that
others understand what is thought, experienced and desired. Self-disclosure is related to the individual's social area. If someone
has good self-disclosure skills, the individual will have many friends, and it will be easy to make friends. Self-disclosure directs
someone to share personal explanations with others sincerely, intentionally and honestly. These personal explanations include
aspects: (1) personality or opinion, (2) taste and attention, (2) work or learning, (4) body, (5) finances, and (6) character (Gainau,
2012).
Self-disclosure is very important in intimacy. However, some people are still reluctant to do it. The difficulty of someone when
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
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expressing themselves is based on the risk aspect and not yet feeling comfortable and confident in themselves. Self-disclosure
skills are influenced by the area where the individual behaves. Factors that trigger difficulties in communicating with others are
parenting patterns, culture, stereotypes, socio-economics, gender, and level of education (Gainau, 2012).
De Vito (2004) stated that indicators of self-disclosure include willingness to reveal self-identity, the ability to express attitudes,
ideas, feelings, and expressions will be used to measure the level of self-disclosure regardless of self-identity, willingness to
accept others as they are, willingness to listen and understand someone's personal problems, and the level of breadth that will be
measured from the breadth of the types of topics communicated to someone. According to Taylor ( Muchlisin Riadi, 2019), self-
disclosure has several purposes and functions, including expressing oneself, self-clarification, social validity, social control, and
relationship development. The aspects of self-disclosure emphasized by Altman & Taylor (2006) include:
a. Amount, which is the frequency and duration of a person's self-disclosure messages or the time it takes them to
communicate their self-disclosure statements to others, are two ways to measure self-disclosure quantities.
b. Valence is the advantage and disadvantage of self-disclosure. A person can expose himself by praising or criticizing
himself for pleasant or unpleasant events that happen to him. Value factors also influence a person's character and level
of self-disclosure.
c. Accuracy/Honesty, namely truth and sincerity in self-disclosure. The extent to which a person knows limits the extent to
which their self-disclosure is accurate.
d. Intention is the extent to which a person reveals issues and is responsible for deciding what information will be shared
with others.
e. Intimacy, that is, the individual can open up about the most personal aspects of his life, as well as things that others
might consider unimportant or impersonal.
Online Loans
The development of technology always makes human life seem to be side by side with technology. Technology provides
convenience for humans in daily activities. One of the conveniences offered by technology is in the financial sector by using
technology called financial technology (fintech) through online loans.
This online loan is the fastest solution for people who need funds because they urgently need them but do not have savings. The
fast disbursement process is often used as the main reason for making it a solution for a place to borrow. The disbursement of loan
funds can even be obtained in a matter of hours and, at the latest, one working day. The public often refers to online loans as
fintech, but they are very different. Both of them utilize technology, but online loans are not licensed and are not registered with
the Financial Services Authority (OJK). At the same time, fintech is legal—the characteristics of online loans (afpi.or.id, 2024).
No identification process for borrowers
Without proper selection or credit scoring process for potential loan recipients
The lender's identity, such as the office address, is unclear.
For guarantees, requesting unrestricted access to personal data (such as all contacts on the customer's mobile phone)
violates POJK 77/2016 regulations concerning Information Technology-Based Money Lending Services.
Very high interest, starting from 0.8% per day and 292% per year
Syarvina (2022) argues that online loans are an efficient and effective financial solution. According to her, online loans have
characteristics that are aimed at lower-middle-class people with easy loan requirements, who can borrow small amounts and short
terms. According to Kompas.com (2023), the following are the names of illegal online loans and their developers on the Google
PlayStore, as follows:
Need cash-loan online: PT Cash Bintang Indonesia
Dana Bahagia – Pinjaman online terbaik masa kini: SUZETTE Vicna
Pinjaman Instan – Pinjaman Online Praktis dan Cepat: wonderful lifw
Dana cepat – Pinjaman Online: PT Menarik Internasional Indonesia
KTA Gampang – Pinjaman Online Dana Kredit Tuna
Danamas
Investree
Dompet kilat
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Shopee pay later
Shopee pay later
III. Research Methods
This research is included in the qualitative descriptive research. The qualitative approach is scientific research that aims to
understand phenomena in a social context by involving a deep communication interaction process between researchers and the
subjects to be studied. (Herdiansyah, 2014:9) . This study analyzes social penetration in the self-disclosure of online loan users to
their partners. The data collection technique in this study was an in-depth interview with ten pairs of informants. Data validity
testing was carried out using the source triangulation method. The data analysis technique was carried out with interactive
analysis, which involved interaction between data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions (Sutopo, 2002).
The sampling technique was carried out with purposive sampling with the characteristics of the informants depicted in the table
below:
Table 1: Informant profile
No
Informant
Age
Work
Name of online loan application
1.
AA-AB (female-male)
23-30
Students- Private
Kredito
2.
BA-BB (male-female)
34-33
Swata-housewife
Pinjamwin-win, lami,kredit cepat
3.
CA-CB (male-female)
32-30
Private-housewife
Shopee later Dana Ocean
4.
DA-DB (male-female)
35-29
Private - kindergarten
teacher
Spaylater, Spinjam
5.
EA-EB (female-male)
25-27
Private factory employees
Dana Cepat
6.
FA-FB (male-female)
30-23
Factory worker-housewife
Spinjam
7.
GA-GB (male-female)
40-34
Hotel employee-housewife
Spaylater, Kredivo
8.
HA-HB (male-female)
24-22
Self-employed-housewife
AdaKami
9.
IA-IB
26-23
Self-employed students
Kredivo, Spay pinjam, Akulaku
10.
JA-JB (male-female)
24-25
Entrepreneurs-entrepreneurs
AdaKami
IV. Discussion
The data in this study will be analyzed based on the social penetration theory proposed by Altman and Taylor through 4 stages,
namely the orientation stage (1), the affective exploration exchange stage (2), the affective exchange stage (3), and the stable
exchange stage (4). Table 2 below reflects the extent of self-disclosure of online Pinaman users and their partners' responses.
Table 2: Self-disclosure of online loan users and partner responses
No.
Informant
User transparency
Couple response
1.
AA-AB
-AA feels afraid to be honest with AB, his
girlfriend, because his name has been involved,
and he is sure that he will receive anger.
-AA borrows from online loan applications solely
to fulfil a reasonably glamorous lifestyle, usually
for body and facial treatments and buying new
clothes.
-AA was sure that his girlfriend would dump him
if he came clean.
-Every time I met AB, he only talked about his
family, his friends, and his physical condition,
which often made him sick.
-He found his girlfriend angry and reminded him
not to deal with online loans, and AB was willing
to talk nicely with his parents to help pay off his
debt, which had reached 25 million rupiahs.
-AA used AB's name on all loan
applications, and finally, he couldn't pay
because he had too much debt and he didn't
dare to be honest about how much he
owed.
-If AB wanted, he could collect the debt
directly from his parents, but he doesn't
have the heart to do so, and currently, he is
still trying to work to pay it off.
-AB couldn't bear to leave her when his
girlfriend's condition fell.
-AB patiently accompanies and tries to
help his girlfriend, who has a very
temperamental nature.
-It seems that AB has no desire to marry
him at all. At this time, he has realized that
he has nothing left, so he decides to
separate.
BA-BB
-Initially, BA was not honest with his wife about
being involved in online loan debt, but the
-BA debt collectors come from various
lending platforms, banks, online loans,
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situation changed after all his debts were due and
debt collectors came to his family.
-BA used an online loan because he was tempted
to play online gambling due to the influence of his
friends.
-He experienced defeat after defeat until he was in
debt to all platforms and reached 200 million.
-He was forced to be honest and hope his wife and
parents would forgive his mistake.
- It turns out that BA's wife no longer believes him
because this is the second mistake after the affair
three years ago, so there is no reason to forgive
him anymore.
- BA was sued for divorce by his wife and lost his
inheritance from his parents, too
loan companies, etc.
- When asked why he was involved in
online loans, BA went berserk and angrily
said that he was paying off all his debts..
He said it was for his wife and child's
needs to buy milk.
-He has up to 200 million in debt from
around ten loan companies.
- BB is annoyed with her husband's
behavior, who always runs away when debt
collectors come to the house. When called,
he never picks up. Even though he has
changed his number many times, he has
never come home, even during Eid.
-BB asked for a divorce because many debt
collectors came to the house. She didn't
know anything.
- BB is afraid that her husband will do
something reckless, considering he has no
assets other than his late father's
inheritance.
- BB was forced to ask for help from his
in-laws, who were forced to sell their
house to pay off their child's debt.
CA-CB
- CA felt that I had to be 100% honest with my
family, that I was involved in online loans and had
nothing to hide.
- CA is honest with a loan amount of 50 million
and is in debt in the ocean fund application. All
loans are to cover family needs.
-CA hopes that my wife can understand that what I
do is solely to meet the needs of the family, not for
my own pleasure.
-I feel that being honest will always be positive,
with the risk of my wife getting angry; thank God
my wife was only shocked but not angry.
-CA always discusses with my wife if I am
interested in borrowing again, and my wife is okay
with it as long as we can still pay with our joint
income.
1. -CB believes everyone deserves a second
chance, including her husband. She has
been looking into the reasons for his
involvement.
2. -CB concluded that her husband's income
was insufficient; he was forced to take out
a loan because his working hours were
already 11 hours a day, and he could no
longer find a side job. His main job was
draining his energy, his parents were toxic,
and his younger sibling asked for money a
lot. The choice was between him taking out
an online loan or embezzling company
money.
- - CB must help her husband to get out of
this economic trap and try to condition the
household finances within a certain period
of time. In principle, everything can be
overcome and calculated. If it is possible,
there is no need to leave him alone.
DA-DB
-DA regrets having known about online loans
even though it was only spam late, which started
when my friend introduced him to online
gambling, and he got a big win.
- -DA has a decent borrowing limit and is easily
disbursed; this is very tempting, a very dangerous
illusion
-Initially, DA borrowed money to buy a cellphone,
but because it was easy to get, he felt he could
afford to pay.
-DA thinks that when borrowing a large amount
and playing it for online gambling, he will get
significant results, too.
- The husband never came clean about
being in debt via online loans because there
was no collection to DB either. Everything
should have been discussed openly so that
if there was a problem, it could be thought
about together.
-occasional discussions about online loans,
phenomena, legality, views from the
perspective of Islam, and so on.
-My husband never complained about the
difficulty meeting household needs because
we balance expenses with income.
-The husband remains open to the family
about work issues at the office, his friends,
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-He now has a debt of around 40 million; I doubt
he can pay it off.
-Even though he has a job and a salary, AD is
doubtful about being able to pay it all off.
-He is afraid to tell his family, and he feels like the
stupidest person. As of today, the interest debt
continues to increase; he hopes he can still live.
and his social media.
-As a wife, she continues to support her
husband as much as she can. She opened a
grocery store at home to help the family's
economy.
-She doesn't mind if her husband is
involved in online loans as long as he can
handle them and doesn't harm others.
EA-EB
- EA told them all the ins and outs of online loans,
her lover, who lives in a different city, starting
from the reasons for what was needed, how much
was borrowed, and where to look for loans.
-EA first became acquainted with Online Loans in
2015–2016. At that time, all of his office friends
had credit for various electronic goods.
-His younger siblings were still in school, and he
wanted to buy a good cellphone. Finally, I took
out credit for several cell phones for my younger
siblings. I took a 3-month term; the longest I took
out credit for was six months because, at that time,
there was a promo.
-Before the credit, he sought information on
whether credit for goods was usury. It turned out
that some experts allowed it. Second, when HCD
(HRD) in the office collaborated with Reracoen
Ultratech, we could borrow for urgent needs
according to the percentage. ES switched to a
credit card, even though it was rarely used.
-While using online loans, he has never been late
in paying. He prefers to buy goods in cash.
-EB, as EA's lover, really supports his
partner as long as it is halal and suitable
and does not harm other people.
- Even EA asked for consideration whether
he should stop relying on online loans after
hearing a lot of negative news.
- In the discussion, EB completely left the
decision to EA and instead wanted to get
married soon so that they could be more
intense in determining their future together.
-Discussions about usury or the
permissibility of online loans occasionally
become long topics of discussion in our
spare time, in addition to family topics.
- They remain committed to maintaining
the relationship and trust of their partner
because of the long-distance relationship.
- EB advised EA to remain open about all
issues concerning the two of them so that
their relationship and family can be
maintained well.
-They believe that online loan activities are
still within reasonable limits and do not
need to be worried about.
FA-FB
-FA said that online loans are sometimes very
helpful, but at other times, they are not beneficial
and even have a very burdensome interest. I have
used several online loan applications. Initially,
there was one, but now there are three
applications: Spinjam, pay later, kredivo
-FA revealed all his experiences with online loans
to his family and did not want to repeat them
because he feared that his family would become
victims.
- FA carried out lending activities at Spinjam for 2
million,
Spaylater for 7 million, and in
Kredivo as much as 10 million
- -FA apologized, discussed his involvement
as an online loan user, and revealed his
motives for meeting family needs.
- -As a wife, FB feels grateful that her
husband is willing to be honest about his
involvement in online loans, starting from
how much he borrowed and which
platform he borrowed from.
- - FB doesn't mind if online loans are legal
as long as the husband can still pay his
debts without involving other people.
- -FB advises husbands to be careful with
temptations from friends or online loan
advertisements in the media because they
will be the ones to bear the consequences.
GA-GB
-GA has been taking out online loans for two
years and is very open about doing online loans
with people close to him except his family. He
said that he did online loans because he wanted to
buy something quickly, so he did online loans.
-GA admitted to being disciplined with payments
and never being late. He works at a hotel in
Yogyakarta as a parking attendant.
-He stated that he rarely takes out online loans
unless he wants something and doesn't have the
-GB has been married for ten years and has
two children; her husband has never told
her he was involved in online loans.
- During the discussion, he seemed
uninterested and tended to change the topic
when it was mentioned about online loans
because of suspicion of seeing the
application on his cellphone. -GB is willing
to live with a minimalist parking attendant
salary and remains grateful.
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funds. Usually, he borrows funds with a nominal
value of Rp. 500,000 and is able to pay on time.
So, he has no problems with online lenders.
- GB admitted that she disagreed with her
husband being involved in online loans; she
was afraid that he would not be able to pay
and go to prison.
-GB spoke nicely with her husband and
managed to get her husband to be honest
about how much and where he was
involved in online loans.
-She hopes her husband will realize that he
will not repeat borrowing before he
becomes addicted to more significant
amounts and cannot pay them back.
HA-HB
-There is no intention of talking about this
problem because I can solve it myself; the loan
name is Adakami.
-Want to stop using the application, but if it can be
used wisely
source happiness can be created with good
finances
- In the end, HA dared to tell his wife that he used
an online loan to meet his daily needs, namely for
food, the needs of my child, who is currently
attending kindergarten, paying for motorbike
instalments, and many more.
- HA finally had to tell the truth because he had a
gambling hobby with his friends while on patrol
in the village.
-HA just lowered his head when he was honest
with his wife because he felt very guilty towards
the woman he married and his child. He tried to
calm his wife down when she was crying and
throwing things around the house.
- Of course, there have been arguments between
us until now; his wife has filed for divorce, and he
still loves his wife.
-HB has never heard her husband admit
that he has been using online loans to meet
his daily needs.
-She was shocked by her husband's
confession and never thought her husband
was in debt with that amount. HB cried so
hard that night that the neighbours came
and asked her husband.
-HB was even more disappointed when she
heard that her husband planned to pay off
the online loan debts using the savings and
jewellery that she had collected before
getting married. Some jewellery belonged
to her late mother.
- HB cursed my husband that night until I
thought about going home to my parents'
house, but I changed my mind because
many people were outside the house. I was
very angry with my husband.
- HB was so confused that he threw several
things in the house, and almost everything
-I regret marrying my husband, who has a
rotten character.
- Without thinking, HB and his father went
to the Religious Affairs Office to handle the
divorce.
IA-IB
-Initially, she did not want her partner to know that
she was caught in an online loan; the reason was
that she was embarrassed and did not want to
involve her partner.
-In the end, he told his partner honestly because
his partner had started to suffer losses from online
loans.
- He is open that the root of the problem is
entangled in online loans because of online
gambling and fulfilling lifestyle needs.
- IA's business was not good, so he justified any
means to get money. At that time, IA's feelings
were mixed; he was very embarrassed and also
very stressed because he could not get out of
online loans and online gambling.
-He also got emotional and used unkind words,
causing arguments with his partner. Over time,
their relationship became terrible and toxic, and
finally, they chose to separate.
-IB felt shocked and disappointed with the
actions of his partner, and he tried to help
find a way out.
-She asked her husband the reason. They
discussed it with her family, and finally, she
confessed.
-Both were at their peak of anger and were
very angry and arguing.
-IB was shocked; he could no longer stand
his partner's temperament, and his online
gambling habits wouldn't stop, so in the
end, they fought again, and the two decided
to separate.
-For IB, online loan applications are not
profitable at all, have very high interest
rates, personal data is sold, and can stress
users out due to pressure from debt
collectors. He is a victim of relentless
terror. IB also feels the stress of online
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- He wants to stop this behaviour. According to
him, the impact of online loans has made him start
to get stressed, emotionally unstable, gambling
madness, and also losing his family.
loans; relationships can become very bad,
and our communication becomes terrible.
Debts are piling up.
10.
JA-JB
- Finally, JA was honest because he needed
clarification about paying his monthly bills.
- JA was very confused because he estimated that
in the first month after using the online loan, he
would have found a job, but it turned out that he
hadn't.
- He reasoned that he used an online loan to
support his family. But when I explained this
reason to my wife, she realized her mistake
because she hadn't discussed it before acting.
- JA uses the AdaKami application. The amount
borrowed is 5 million. I have to pay off the total
interest and loan of approximately 13 million.
- JA felt guilty; his wife was angry and
disappointed for three days when she found out
he had used an online loan. But after that, his
wife began to accept it.
- JA tries to pay off all the debts and interest.
After all is paid off, he will not use online loans
again because he always thinks about how to
pay it off.
- JB was confused; her husband did not
work but could still provide for her. She
asked where he got the money twice, and
JA constantly changed the subject.
- Although initially angry and
disappointed, JB felt resigned to what
had happened and had no choice but to
pay it off.
- Her intention to continue to support the
family was good, according to JB. On the
other hand, the way to get money needs
to be corrected. Her husband also did not
invite them to discuss it first.
- JB's eyes were full of anger and
disappointment, holding back tears. She
was silent, not returning her husband's
hug.
- As long as JB was angry, he kept quiet
and thought about it. He considers this a
marriage test.
- Online loans for JB are trap loans that
allow someone to dig a hole to cover a
hole. Online loans are also not the right
solution because the interest is very high.
- Since finding out that her husband was
using online loans, she has rarely been at
home because she is looking for
additional work to repay the loan soon.
The following data will explain the stages of social penetration of online loan application users and their partners.
Table 3: Level of social penetration of online loan users with their partners
Informant
status
Self-disclosure
Final condition
Motive
Social penetration
stage
AA-AB
Dating
Not open
separate
Lifestyle/body care
Stage 2
BA-BB
Husband and wife
Not open
divorce
Online gambling
Stage 2
CA-CB
Husband and wife
Open
Wife helps pay off
Fulfilling family needs
Stage 4
DA-DB
Husband and wife
Not open
Wife doesn't mind
Buying a cell phone
and other needs
Stage 3
EA-EB
Dating
Open
Maintaining
relationships
Electronic goods credit
Stage 4
FA-FB
Husband and wife
Open
Wife allows
Fulfilling family needs
Stage 4
GA-GB
Husband and wife
Not open
divorce
Fulfilling family needs
Stage 2
HA-HB
Husband and wife
Not open
divorce
Fulfilling family needs
Stage 2
IA-IB
Husband and wife
Not open
divorce
Fulfilling family needs
Stage 2
JA-JB
Husband and wife
Not open
Wife helps pay off
Online gambling
Stage 3
Discussion
According to Johnson (in Gainau, 2009), openness will create trust, which is the key to interpersonal relationships. Thus,
individuals will tell about their experiences with a feeling of confidence. Trust brings the partner relationship closer because,
according to him, the person can listen and respond wisely. Meanwhile, Solomon (in Batoebara, 2018) stated that interpersonal
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relationships contain habitual things and a feeling of giving and receiving each other's presence. Gainau's research (2009)
explains that individuals who are voluntarily open mean they have a sense of trust in others. The ten pairs of informants had an
intimate relationship level; they were in a dating relationship or were husband and wife. The emergence of openness and trust
should arise from this level of relationship; in reality, not all couples can maintain their intimacy, so it impacts the end of their
relationship, namely separating/divorcing or surviving. Based on the findings, three couples could maintain intimacy to save their
relationship by deciding to be open, namely CA-CB, EA-EB, and FA-FB. Meanwhile, the other two couples, DA-DB and JA-JB,
experienced their relationships being saved because their partners could understand and forgive.
The emergence of various problems regarding online loans is due to the inherent character of these applications, especially illegal
ones, such as excessively high loan interest, collection by intimidation, dissemination of borrower data and so on, especially in
unlawful online loans. The online loan party also collects by intimidation if the debt is not paid off, either to the collector or the
borrower's closest person. A husband who borrows money from an online loan, the wife can also be billed. The wife is billed with
intimidation by the online loan party because the debt incurred by her husband has not been paid. This intimidation has an impact
on the wife's psychology because the debt incurred by her husband is not paid off, but the one who is billed is the wife. The wife
will feel afraid because she is always billed, or if the bill is made to the wife's telephone number, she will be called continuously
(Rambe and Febrian, 2023). The mental impact on the couple will lead to further damage to the relationship because the couple
cannot stand it. This happened to 5 couples who ended their relationship in divorce.
Unregistered online loans cause problems and even victims. In essence, these online loans have problems, including high interest
rates, confiscation of personal data, and intimidating debt collection (Asti, 2020). Illegal online loans/do not have legality from
the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The trapping of close people is caused by misuse of personal data because when
registering, they must fill in personal data, very high interest with an average of more than 40%, debt collection with threats and
no ethics. The hope for a better household economy must be dashed (Syarvia, 2022). Financial needs also influence interest in
online loans. Many individuals choose online loans because they urgently need funds and do not have access to other sources of
funds, according to (Rahmadyanto & Ekawaty, 2023). Some of the motives of user informants are usually due to meeting family
needs.
In addition to the failure of household economic improvement, online loans also cause stress. Noor's research (in Rhosyidah,
2015) states that people who always tell stories, whether pleasant or sad problems, will feel relieved and relaxed in facing life. In
addition, openness has an impact on closeness and creates intimacy between each other. On the other hand, James Pennecbacker
(in Eliza, 2015) stated that people who are always open to others will avoid mental illnesses such as stress. This condition is seen
in three informants who are in stable relationships (4), namely CA-CB, Ea-EB, FA-FB DA- DB, and JA-JB at the level of
affective exchange relationships (3). Their openness to their partners makes their partners understand and comprehend the
motives for their involvement in online loans. This can be seen in the response of their partners when they decide to be open.
Namely, CA's wife helps pay off the debt, EA's partner maintains their relationship even though they are long distance, while FA's
wife allows her husband as long as he is still able to pay the debt. Stress levels were seen in 5 other pairs of informants. Negative
reactions of couples were seen with shock, annoyance, anger, quarrelling, confusion, and regret. These adverse emotional
reactions then make couples take unilateral decisions in the form of separation or divorce.
Altman and Taylor (in Suherman, 2020) said that every interpersonal relationship always experiences gradual relationship
development. Relationships that were initially shallow, awkward, and not intimate with intense communication gradually develop
into more intimate relationships. This social penetration theorist argues that self-disclosure or openness is one of the relationships
that are not intimate to intimate. Relationship development, according to Kramer (in Novianti, 2019:20), occurs in two stages,
namely the formation stage where this stage is usually called the introduction stage, and the confirmation stage. According to
Adolf and Rodman (in Angelia, 2014), a relationship is still said to be not intimate because it is in the early stages of
communication relationships, such as small talk. In the confirmation stage, two or more individuals already know each other. The
development of relationships in the confirmation stage begins with intimacy, marked by patience, agreement, accuracy of
response, and the right emotional tone. The findings of this study state that all informants are at the confirmation stage, namely,
building commitments in the form of pre-marital relationships and marriage.
However, only some affirming/intimate relationships are able to survive. In the deterioration stage, the rules in the love
relationship that have developed so far are now receding and followed by withdrawal. If this direction is already visible, then the
relationship is threatened to break up. Physical separation and termination of remaining legal obligations or contracts are the final
steps that are often painful and end the relationship (Ruben and Stewart (2006). This was seen in 5 informant couples who ended
up separating or divorcing. The damage to their relationship was caused by the mistake of not being open and detrimental, so it
hurt the partner's feelings.
The partner will respond positively to openness. Initially, the partner will listen well before responding emotionally and
behaviorally. The results of research conducted by Rankin & Buner (in Ratnasari, 2007) show that 53% of human activities, from
waking up to going back to sleep, are for listening. According to DeVito (in Ratnasari, 2007), listening is one of the active
processes in receiving stimulation from a partner or conversation partner. One listening technique is to express attention and
feelings to the partner objectively. Good intentions to be open also get a positive response from the partner, even though the
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problem is negative. This is evident in 5 couples who received a positive response from their partners. The couple is willing to
understand the reasons for the involvement of online loans and even has a desire to help pay off debts.
Social Penetration Stage
In social penetration theory, small talk and self-identity disclosure are the initial stages of a relationship, which is called the
orientation stage. At the orientation stage, the couple is still awkward and still very careful in speaking and acting (West & Lynn,
2008:184). Altman and Taylor (Penington, 2015) state that this stage is a stage without conflict, which means staying within the
boundaries of the conversation, which cannot offend any party involved.
The second stage in the social penetration theory is the affective exploration exchange stage. At this stage, both parties begin to
explore information using more personal language (Nayiroh, 2021). A person's openness has interacted spontaneously. According
to Jack R. Gibb (in Zuhria, 2013), spontaneity is a person who is open about his thoughts. In this study, stage 2 was owned by five
pairs of informants. The openness they built emerged after the couple found out from other people. So, as long as they don't know
for themselves, the perpetrators don't want to or are afraid to tell other people. As a result, the couple is offended and ends the
relationship. Couples at this stage fail to adjust to their partners. Adjustment is a process that allows interpersonal relationships to
achieve a balance that increases intimacy when they understand each other (Yudha, 2019) .
The third stage in the social penetration theory is the affective exchange stage. At this stage, the couple is in the intimate phase.
Communication efforts at this stage are very intimate, open, and ongoing (West & Lynn, 2008). Research conducted by Naibaho
(2020) states that individuals feel very comfortable at this stage. Couples understand and comprehend each other. Even at this
stage, there are already pros and cons, when there is an individual attitude that is not pleasing, they dare to be frank with each
other. However, as Handayani & Kurdaningsih (2022) said, at this stage people still try to protect themselves from feeling too
weak or vulnerable by not disclosing personal information that is too sensitive. In this study, 2 pairs of informants DA-DB and
JA-JB were at the affective exchange stage. Although the husband initially did not open up, after admitting that he still received
support from his wife. The wife still opened her heart to trust her husband and reminded him not to repeat it.
Study of Irawan et al. (2018) stated that stage exchange exploration is an affective determinant of the relationship to the next
stage. This is evident because both pairs of informants did not end the relationship. After all, the partner still forgave and
supported them. Some wives who forgive are aware that husbands in their household life are obliged to meet the family's
economic needs. However, the reality is that sometimes husbands are not optimal in meeting household needs, so wives help by
borrowing money or going into debt (Karimulah and Mahesti, 2021).
The stable exchange stage is the fourth stage or the last stage in the theory of social penetration. In this stage, the couple
establishes communication that is very open without any boundaries and awkwardness, so it has reached a level of mutually
synchronous intimacy (West & Lynn, 2008). Naibaho's research (2020) states that at this stage, individuals will raise private
issues and not share them with anyone. According to Miller (in Rizal, 2018), This stage is marked by intense interaction, even
with nonverbal communication. The three pairs of informants with this stable exchange stage realized that being open would
improve their relationship. The perpetrators were ready for the possible risks they faced, such as anger or disappointment from
their partners. The response from their partners was positive. They understood why the perpetrators were involved in online loans
and even provided Feedback in the form of positive behavior, namely helping to pay off debts, asking to be careful, or advice to
always share in joy and sorrow.
Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure
According to DeVito (in Naibaho, 2020), self-disclosure is a form of communication shared with the interlocutor about self-
quality, values adopted, and behavior. The longer the intensity of communication, the closer the relationship with someone will
be; of course, the more open each other will be. Openness also adheres to the willingness to listen to others, including the desire
to provide honest Feedback to partners (Ascharisa & Anisa, 2020). The factors that influence self-disclosure in 10 pairs of
informants include:
1) Noise Aspect
Noise in interpersonal communication includes everything that hinders the communication process. According to Shannon and
Weaver (in Wiryanto, 2004), interference or noise in communication can occur if one of the communication elements has
intervention or obstacles so that the communication process does not take place effectively, for example, deficiencies that occur in
the sender, message, media, or recipient (cultural differences, knowledge, communication skills). According to Liliweri (2015),
interference in communication can be classified into two, namely internal interference and external interference. Internal
interference comes from within the communicator, including differences in mindset, differences in cultural background, fatigue,
lack of speaking skills, differences in knowledge, lack of interest in messages, problems at home, and past experiences. At the
same time, external interference comes from outside the communicator, such as distance, noise, environmental interference, and
lousy signal. In this study, the end of the relationship between the perpetrators was caused by internal interference (differences in
mindset, speaking skills, and problems at home). Meanwhile, external interference is more on the character of online loan
applications that are high interest, terrorizing, and intimidating people closest to them.
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2) There is Feedback
According to Cangara (in Oktarina & Yudi, 2017), Feedback is a response from the recipient of the message to the sender of the
message as a result of the communication that has been built. Feedback can be positive Feedback or negative Feedback,
depending on how the communicator interprets the message. Supportive Feedback means supporting the message delivered by
the sender, such as giving advice (Torana, 2016). The results of Novianti et al.'s research (2017) stated that mutual support is one
of the keys to the effectiveness of interpersonal relationships that will give rise to openness. According to the findings in this
study, five pairs of informants who did not end their relationship received support from their partners. The couple understood,
allowed, gave advice to be careful, and even helped pay off the husband's debt. However, five pairs of separated informants
received negative Feedback in the form of anger or annoyance.
3) Gender
Expression is a form of nonverbal communication that allows one to express positive and negative emotions. The emotions that
occur can be happy, sad, angry, and fearful (Prawitasllri, 2016). One form of expressed emotion is the ability to listen when a
partner speaks. According to Gordon (in Ratnasari, 2007), the form of rejection expression is in the form of not caring, criticizing
too much, and criticizing. In this study, it was seen that most of the couple informants were women (wives). They expressed anger
in various ways, namely throwing things, crying, cursing, being silent, and so on, until they finally decided to separate.
Sangadah's research (2014) said that women use more nonverbal communication because women's emotional levels are higher
than men's, so women tend to be expressive. According to Nurhayati (2012), women are depicted as physically weak, easily
emotional, easily give up, and easily influenced. At the same time, Meanwhile, men are described as strong, rational, logical, and
active. In general, women, since childhood, always produce better verbal abilities than men. The results of Jourard's research (in
Sari et al., 2006) stated that women are accustomed to expressing themselves and feel happy to open conversations with others to
convey their feelings, desires and opinions.
4) Personality Aspects
According to Larsen and Buss (in Kinanti and Hendrati, 2013), a personality includes an individual's essential psychological and
mechanical elements that are organized and relatively enduring and influence the interaction and adaptation of individuals in the
environment. Personality factors, according to Costa and McCrae (in Kinanti and Hendrati, 2013), include: 1). Agreeableness is a
character in individuals who have warmth, kindness, cooperativeness, sympathy, helpfulness, and politeness. 2). Extraversion is
described as someone talkative, high-spirited, assertive, brave, friendly, and dominant (in contrast to introverts, who are shyer and
quieter). 3). Neuroticism is described as easily emotional, nervous, uncomfortable, gloomy, and jealous. 4). Emotional Stability is
described as someone who can control emotions well. 5) Openness to experience is described as someone open, imaginative,
creative, curious about new things, and gentle. Based on the five personalities above, it can be found in this study that five
couples who did not end in divorce fall into the category of openness to experience personality paired with emotional stability
character. The pairing of the two personalities produces an individual who is open to a partner who is responded to by people who
can control anger. Based on the results of the discussion above, the level of self-disclosure in the ten informants studied can
finally be described in the form of a chart.
Chart 1: Social Penetration Analysis of 10 Online Loan User Informants
Thus, openness will undoubtedly be better than closedness or dishonesty. This is proven in the findings of this study that no
matter how complicated the problem is, a household is still built on openness, which is the foundation for household resilience.
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V. Conclusion
Self-disclosure of online loan application users has an impact on household harmony. The openness built by the perpetrators to
their partners has a positive impact, while the closedness leads the household or pre-marital relationship towards divorce or
termination of the relationship. Based on the analysis of social penetration of 10 pairs of informants, it was found that five
couples decided to separate/divorce while five couples still did not divorce. Three pairs of informants who did not divorce were at
stages 3 (stable affective exchange) and 4 (stable exchange). The five couples who divorced were at stage 2 (exploration of
affective exchange), which means that the development of their relationship has decreased to deteriorate.
For couples who divorced, it started with the partner's anger when they were harmed/billed without knowing what their partner
was doing. The perpetrators decided to get involved in online loans without discussing it with their partners but also had no desire
to tell them. Negative emotions such as anger, annoyance, and regret made partners decide unilaterally to file for divorce. The
disturbance that occurs in the perpetrator's self-disclosure comes from internal factors such as the perpetrator's mindset not to
open up to their partner as a good thing, household economic problems, and the skills to convey issues to their partner. External
factors come from the characteristics of illegal online loans that easily intimidate and terrorize those closest to them, in addition to
having very high interest rates. Several factors influencing the perpetrator's self-disclosure include partner feedback, personality,
and gender. Supportive Feedback from a partner, such as allowing, forgiving, and even helping to pay debts, dramatically
influences the perpetrator's desire to open up.
Furthermore, the perpetrator's personality factor as an open and curious person (openness experience) is responded to by their
partner with an emotionally stable personality. The gender factor of the partner, who is primarily a woman with high emotional
characteristics, makes several informants experience anger and annoyance because they feel unappreciated. In the end, the
behavior of divorce is chosen by the wives because they can no longer stand their husband's behavior.
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