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Effects of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Growth

Performance of Maize (Zea Mays) in Port Harcourt, South-South

Nigeria

Akukalia, C. M,

Elenwo, C. E. and

Amakiri, M.A

Department of Soil Science, Rivers State University

Department of Forestry and Environment, Rivers State University

*Corresponding Author

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.131203

Received: 07 December 2024; Accepted: 19 December 2024; Published: 31 December 2024

Abstract: The effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on maize performance was investigated at the Teaching and

Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, and Rivers State, Nigeria. The experiment which was

laid out in a Completely Randomized Design comprised of twelve treatments and three replications. The study had two levels of

fish pond effluent (Diluted and undiluted) the treatments were: The treatments were; control (CTR), 0.2t/ha Poultry droppings

(PDA), 0.4t/ha Poultry droppings (PDB), 0.6t/ha Poultry droppings (PDC), 0.8t/ha Poultry droppings (PDD), 0.2t/ha Poultry

droppings+ diluted effluent (PFA50), 0.4t/ha Poultry droppings + diluted effluent (PFB50), 0.6t/ha Poultry droppings + diluted

effluent (PFC50), 0.8t/ha Poultry droppings + diluted effluent (PFD50), 0.2t/ha Poultry droppings + undiluted effluent (PEA100),

0.4t/ha Poultry droppings + undiluted effluent (PEB100), 0.6t/ha Poultry droppings + undiluted effluent (PEC100) and 0.8t/ha

Poultry droppings + undiluted effluent (PED100). At 8 weeks, Plant height ranged from 108.40cm at the control to 162.90 cm at

PDD treated plot. Number of leaves ranged from 16.05 at the control to 24.82 at PED100 treated plot. Leaf area ranged from

134.40 cm

at the control to 381.20 at the PED 100 treated plot. Results revealed that, fish pond effluent when integrated with

poultry droppings significantly influenced all the growth parameters accessed. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended

that, Fish Pond Effluent plus poultry manure be applied to increase plant growth, nutrient status and soil fertility level.

I. Introduction

Application of inorganic fertilizers had been the fastest solution to prevail over the nutrient deficiencies in the soils, but due to

problems associated with its continuous usage such as: high cost, reduced crop yield, increased soil acidity, nutrient imbalance

and limited or untimely availability of inorganic fertilizers made farmers develop interest on usage of organic manure (Jote

2023; Titirmare,et al.,2023). In many areas, integrating aquaculture with agriculture has become a channel for increasing the use

of limited water resources, decreasing dependence on chemical fertilizers (Halwart and Ajayi 2024,) and providing a greater

economic return per unit of water. Fish pond effluent has been used as soil amendment for crop production in the world. It has a

strong potential to replace bagged fertilizer in part or full (Firew 2018) Fish Pond Effluent had been reported to contain high

content of organic matter and plant nutrients (Onuorah et al., 2021). (Isitekhale and Adamu 2016) reported that Fish Pond

Effluent application increased Soil contents of available P, K, Mg, Ca and ECEC significantly. Also, in recent times, interest of

researchers towards utilization of poultry manure as organic fertilizer has increased since poultry manure had been reported to

contain high content of organic matter and plant nutrients (Rasool et al.,2023). Escalating prices of inorganic fertilizers due to the

increase in the fuel prices has also prompted the use of poultry manure (Okonwo and Mensa 2012 ) Similarly, organic wastes are

also being advocated for by different environmental organizations world-wide to preserve the sustainability of agricultural

systems.

Maize or corn (Zea mays L.) is an important annual cereal crop of the world belonging to family Poaceae. Zea is an ancient

Greek word which means “sustaining life” and Mays is a word from Taino language meaning “life giver.” The word “maize” is

from the Spanish connotation “maize” which is the best way of describing the plant. It is grown mainly in a developing country

like Nigeria which provides a source of income to the large population of small holder farmers. No cereal crop is produced

annually more than maize in the country due to its high demand from consumers and its great nutritional value (Eleweanya et. al.,

2005) It is also rich in dietary fiber and calories which provide a good source of energy, a staple food for humans, livestock and

an important raw material for many industrial products (Agbogidi et al., 2007).

Also, Maize has also been a priority crop in Nigeria under the flagship Agricultural programs of the Government since 2012 and

as such, maize farmers had received deliberate support in terms of access to subsidized fertilizer and improved seed (Federal

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2011). However, despite all these supports, low yield of maize remains a key

challenge. This may be attributed to the low soil fertility level of the Nigerian soils and therefore requires remedy. Studies have

revealed a host of nutrient management exercises embarked on by smallholder African farmers (Parwada et al., 2023). While the

relative adoption rates between organic and mineral nutrients vary by location, the incidence of organic practices is often more

than the use of mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, poultry droppings are preferred amongst other animal wastes because of its high

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concentration of macro-nutrients (Shehu et al.,2019). The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the effect of Fish Pond

Effluent and Poultry manure on the growth performance of Maize (Zea mays) in Port-H arcourt, South-South, Port Harcourt,

II. Materials and Methods

Experimental Site

The research was carried out in the Teaching and Research farm of University of Port Harcourt. The site is located at longitude

4.9070

N and 6.9162

E with an elevation of 13m above sea level. The site has an average annual rainfall of about 2,470mm,

relative humidity of 70.90% and a mean annual temperature of 32

C. (Source)

Land Preparation, Experimental Design and Treatment Allocation

The site for the experiment was cleared and tilled manually with hoe and then marked out into plots. The experiment which was

laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), comprised of two levels of fish pond effluent (Diluted and Undiluted),

twelve treatments and three replications. Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry manure were applied to the respective plots two weeks

before planting to allow for decomposition and mineralization of nutrients. The treatment included the followings; Control

(CTR), 0.2t/ha Poultry droppings (PDA), 0.4t/ha Poultry manure (PDB), 0.6t/ha Poultry manure (PDC), 0.8t/ha Poultry manure

(PDD), 0.2t/ha Poultry manure + diluted effluent (PFA50), 0.4t/ha Poultry manure + diluted effluent (PFB50), 0.6t/ha Poultry

manure + diluted effluent (PFC50), 0.8t/ha Poultry manure + diluted effluent (PFD50), 0.2t/ha Poultry manure + undiluted

effluent (PEA100), 0.4t/ha Poultry manure + undiluted effluent (PEB100), 0.6t/ha Poultry manure + undiluted effluent (PEC100)

and 0.8t/ha Poultry manure + undiluted effluent (PED100). Two seeds of the Hybrid Maize (Oba Super 6) were sown per hole at

the spacing of 75cm x 25cm and at the depth of 3cm two weeks after the application of the treatment materials. Seedlings were

thinned down to one plant per hole and empty stands were supplied thereafter. Weeding was done manually by hand picking at

the two weeks intervals until harvest to reduce the competition between the maize plant and weeds for available nutrient, water

and light.

Data Collection

Data on Plant height, Number of leaves, Leaf area at 4th, 6

and 8

Weeks After sowing (WAPS) were collected and Number of

nodes was collected at 6

and 8

WAP. The following yield parameters were collected; Fresh yield, Length of cob, Diameter of

cob and Weight of 1000 kernel. Five maize plants were selected randomly from each plot, tagged and were used for the

measurement of the aforementioned growth parameters. The data that were generated from the study were subjected to the

statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the treatment means were compared using the Least Significant Difference

(LSD) at 0.05% level of probability.

III. Results

Chemical Properties of Fish Pond Effluent and poultry dropping used in the study are presented on table 1 below. The two

treatments were slightly acidic having pH of 5.6 for poultry manure to 5.9 for fish effluent. Fish effluent contained very high

calcium 40.2 mg/l while poultry dropping had 11.6 mg/kg. Fish pond effluent also had high Mg and K when compared with ca,

mg and k contents of the poultry manure. Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Sulphur contents of poultry manure are higher than that of

fish pond effluent.

Table 1: Chemical composition of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure

Chemical Properties

Calcium

(Ca)

Magnesium

(Mg)

Potassium

(k)

Phosphorus

(P)

Nitrogen

(N)

Sulphur

(S)

Fish Pond Effluent (mg/l)

5.9

40.2

8.27

35.46

2.54

0.78

0.5

Poultry Manure (Mg/kg)

5.6

11.6

2.2

8.3

5.6

15.3

3.5

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Plant Height.

Effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on plant height is presented on table 2.

At 4WAP, plant height ranged from 64.74 cm at the control plot to 91.12 cm at the PED100 plot. At 6 WAP plant height ranged

from 86.20 cm at the control to 138.90 at the PDD plot. And at 8WAP it ranged 108.40 cm at the control to162.90 cm at the PDD

plot. At 8WAP there were significant differences among the treatments and the PDD treatment plot recorded the highest.

Table 2: Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on plant height (cm)

Treatment

4 WAP (cm)

6 WAP (cm)

8 WAP

PDA

66.43g

99.0ef

123.70d

PDB

70.94ef

114.60c

141.30c

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PDC

73.58e

112.20c

154.50b

PDD

82.54bc

138.90a

162.90a

PFA50

71.42ef

94.20f

115.00f

PFB50

72.86e

106.20d

136.00c

PFC50

67.31fg

98.00f

152.10b

PFD50

78.60cd

130.20b

156.80ab

PEA100

75.54de

104.60d

141.60c

PEB100

74.13e

106.10d

123.60d

PEC100

83.34b

103.70de

136.90c

PED100

91.12a

115.70c

136.60c

CONTROL

64.74g

86.20g

108.40f

L.S.D P<0.05

4.20

5.06

6.58

Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from one another at 5% level of

probability using least significant different (L.S.D), WAP (Weeks after planting

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Number of Leaves.

The result of the effects of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on number of leaves is shown on Table 3. At 4WAP number

of leaves ranged from 5.70 at the plot treated PDC to the 8.57 at the plot PFD 50 and at 6 WAP values ranged from 13.22 at the

control to 21.33 at the PEA100 and PEC100 treatments plot and at 8WAP number of leaves ranged from 16.05 at the control to

26.16 at the PED100 treatment plot. Number of leaves at PED100 plot was significantly the highest among the treatments for

number of leaves.

Table 3: Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and poultry Manure on Number of Leaves.

Treatment

4WAP

6WAP

8WAP

PDA

5.89e

15.92def

21.10cd

PDB

6.07de

17.86cde

24.01abc

PDC

5.70e

18.29bcd

21.61bcd

PDD

5.75e

19.20abcd

24.06abc

PFA50

7.77abc

14.39ef

19.18de

PFB50

7.91ab

19.84abc

23.55abc

PFC50

7.36bc

19.14abcd

22.56bc

PFD50

8.57a

21.61ab

24.02abc

PEA100

7.64abc

21.33abc

24.82ab

PEB100

7.41bc

18.28bcd

21.56bcd

PEC100

6.89cd

21.33abc

24.80ab

PED100

7.85ab

22.56a

26.16a

CONTROL

5.81e

13.22f

16.05e

L.S.D P<0.05

0.93

3.60

3.33

Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from one another at 5% level of

probability using least significant different (L.S.D), WAP (Weeks after planting)

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Leaf Area.

The results of the effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on leaf area are shown on table 3. At 4 WAP, leaf area ranged

from 136.70 at the control to 367.60 at PED100 treated plot. At 6WAP, value ranged from 137.20 at the control to 373.20 at the

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plot treated with PED100 and 8WAP, it ranged from 134.40 at the control to 381.20 at plot treated with PED100. The highest

mean value for leaf area was recorded at PED100 treated plot.

Table 3: Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Leaf Area.

Treatment

4WAP(cm

)

6WAP(cm

)

8WAP(cm

)

PDA

193.60g

195.20g

196.80f

PDB

199.20f

202.30f

204.00e

PDC

200.20f

205.50ef

207.20e

PDD

203.00f

207.20e

208.60e

PFA50

214.60e

217.60d

219.90d

PFB50

216.50de

218.70d

223.70d

PFC50

219.10d

221.40d

224.80d

PFD50

226.70c

232.10c

234.70c

PEA100

227.30c

234.80bc

236.60c

PEB100

229.10bc

232.90c

236.40c

PEC100

232.10b

238.8b

243.80b

PED100

367.60a

373.20a

381.20a

CONTROL

136.70h

137.20h

134.40g

L.S.D P<0.05

4.50

4.81

6.50

Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from one another at 5% level of

probability using least significant different (L.S.D), WAP (Weeks after planting)

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Droppings on Number of Nodes

The result of the effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on number of node is shown on table 5. Number of nodes at

6WAP ranged from 6.89 to 13.05 at PED100 treated plot and at 8WAP, it ranged from 8.95 at the PDA treated plot to 16.75 at the

PED100 treated plot. This value was significantly higher than the other treatment plots as shown on the table while the least

number of nodes were obtained from the Control plot.

Table 4: Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Number of Nodes

Treatment

6WAP

8 WAP

PDA

8.03f

8.95g

PDB

9.97de

11.69e

PDC

9.66e

11.26ef

PDD

10.09cde

14.53cd

PFA50

10.75cde

14.14d

PFB50

11.44bcd

13.50d

PFC50

11.46bc

14.42cd

PFD50

12.28ab

13.50d

PEA100

12.65ab

13.64d

PEB100

12.96a

15.97ab

PEC100

12.32ab

15.33bc

PED100

13.05a

16.75a

CONTROL

6.89f

10.18f

L.S.D P<0.05

1.47

1.13

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Means followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from one another at 5% level of

probability using least significant different (L.S.D), WAP (Weeks after planting)

Effects of Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Diameter of Cob

The result of the mean value for diameter of cob is shown in Figure 1. The highest mean value is recorded in soils treated with

PED100 with a mean value of 5.16 while the least is recorded in the Control plot.

Figure1 Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Diameter of Cob

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Droppings on Fresh Yield

The effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on fresh yield is presented on fig 2 below. The fresh yield of maize

recorded the highest value at the plot treated with PED100 with a mean value of 0.34 and the least mean value at the Control with

a mean value of 0.18.

Figure 2: Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Fresh Yield

Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Length of Cob

The effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on length of cob is presented on fig 3 below. Length of cob had a

significant difference in soils treated with PED100 with a mean value of 17.39 when compared to other treatments. The least

value for length of cob was recorded at the Control plot

Figure 3: Effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on length of cob

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Effect of Fish Pond Effluent and Poultry Manure on Weight of 1000 Kernel

The effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on weight of 1000 kernel is presented on fig 4. The highest 1000 kernel

weight was obtained from the treatment with PEC100 with a mean value of 4.77 followed by treatment with PED100 with a mean

value of 4.14 and the least value was recorded with soils treated with PDA with a value of 0.06.

Figure 4: Effect of fish pond effluent and poultry droppings on weight of 1000 kernel

IV. Discussion

Generally, soils treated with poultry manure alone and poultry manure and fish pond effluent combined had a higher plant height

compared to the control plot which conforms with the findings of (Nsoanya, 2019) where the plant irrigated with fish water

effluent showed better growth attributes than those irrigated with well water. However, the soils that treated with fish pond

effluent and poultry manure performed better than the control plot which is in line with the results from a similar study by (

Ayeni and Adetunji 2010) where stem, leaf, plant length, and root diameter were higher when irrigated with fish effluent

compared to water from well. Soils treated with fish pond effluent and poultry manure combined recorded higher leaf area when

compared to soils treated with poultry manures alone. This result is agrees with the findings of (Nsoanya 2019) who recorded

higher leaf area values on soils treated with fish effluent. The results from this work revealed higher values for number of nodes

for soils treated with fish pond effluent and poultry manure together than soils treated with poultry manure alone which supports

the findings of (Bame et. al., 2014; Nsoanya, 2019). In a similar study, Adeniyan et. al., 2011 revealed that cob diameter had a

higher value which indicates positive effect of the combined effect of fish pond effluent and poultry manure. The combination of

fish pond effluent and poultry manure gave a higher value for fresh yield when compared to the values from soils treated with

poultry manure alone which is in line with the findings of (Fonseca et.al, 2005) which revealed an increase in the fresh yield

when fish effluent was used for irrigation compared when compared to soils treated with canal water combined with fertilizers.

The least value for length of cob was recorded at the Control plot which is in line with the findings of (Payebo and Ogidi 2020;

Rasool et al., 2023) who fertilized the soil with fish pond effluent and poultry manure respectively. The result of weight of 1000

kernel supports the findings of (Ibeawuchi et. al.,2007 and Enujeke et. al., 2013 ) according to them, fish pond effluent and

poultry manure significantly increased the weight of kernel as compared to the inorganic fertilizers treated soils.

V. Conclusion

The results obtained from the study revealed that, application of fish pond effluent can be used as organic fertilizer and good soil

conditioner to improve nutrient status and thereby enhance mineral nutrition and plant growth. An integration of fish pond

effluent with poultry manure significantly increased plant height, number of leaves and leaf area when compared with the

Control. Fish Pond effluent combined with Poultry manure significantly increased soil chemical properties such as pH, Available

Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Therefore an integration of fish pond effluent and poultry

manure is recommended as fertilizers for enhancing plant growth, nutrient status, and soil fertility level.

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