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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2025

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Keyless Entry System Using a Smartphone for Vehicle: A

Development of Vehicle Security Performance

Richard M. Pabelona Jr., DIT

, Joe Marie D. Dormido, DIT

College of Industrial Technology, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University

College of Computer Studies, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1401012

Received: 23 January 2025; Accepted: 27 January 2025; Published: 05 February 2025

Abstract: This study involves developing a keyless entry system using a smartphone for vehicles. The system comprises a mobile

application and apparatus with main and secondary modules. The main module comprises a mini-computer, Bluetooth Low

Energy module, NFC module, ultrasonic sensor, and control circuit installed inside the vehicle. Connected to it is the Secondary

module comprising a Car Battery voltage reader circuit, EFI and Fuel Pump control circuit, and a microcontroller located inside

the vehicle hood. The mobile application connects to the apparatus wirelessly and acts as a key. A chip-enabled card is a backup

key in case the Smartphone is unavailable. It can activate the application by tapping the chip-enabled card through the

Smartphone's NFC. The participants of the study are the vehicle owners and are determined through purposive sampling, which is

important in examining the subject characteristics involved in the study. Experts evaluated the system using the ISO/IEC

25010:2011 Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation Questionnaire. The level of acceptability of the Keyless

Entry System using Smartphones in terms of functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability,

security, maintainability, and portability was "Excellent". Upon Overall, the system performed its intended function and extended

a vehicle's safety features.

Keywords: keyless entry, smartphone, module, microcontroller, mini-computer, Bluetooth LE, NFC, wireless, sensor, vehicle

authentication.

I. Introduction

Personal cars have been increasingly important for day-to-day transportation due to its convenience and better mobility as

compared to public transport. Vehicles, however, poses a security vulnerability for its owner. Models vary accordingly in terms of

performance, features, and price. Security and convenience are two features that come with a cost. Although theft deterrence

technology are employed, not all vehicle models are alike and some are using old technology (Xie et al., 2023). With differing

systems amongst carmakers, it can be an expensive upgrade just securing your vehicle better (Donlon, 2016). Keyless entry

systems have been available with most modern cars today using a transponder/key-fob/remote device (Haodudin Nurkifli &

Hwang, 2023; Xie et al., 2023). The said systems are limited in terms of features, dependent on the transponder/key-fob/remote

device, battery-operated, and prone to mechanical damage and radio frequency (RF) interference and other security risks

(Haodudin Nurkifli & Hwang, 2023; Xie et al., 2023). Biometric authentication with a push to start inside cars has been made

available to high-end cars and limited models and is implemented differently by car manufacturers and can be expensive (Xie et

al., 2023). Other cars implement keyless entry using a mobile device but are limited to locking and unlocking the car based on

proximity and may use older transmission protocols (Ashworth et al., 2023). Furthermore, the implementation of this system does

not incorporate a secondary authentication to verify the driver/owner using the smartphone. Implementing most modern systems

usually focuses on the vehicle's locking mechanism and does not have an engine control. Engine control varies according to the

brand/model of a vehicle and will be restricted to the use of a particular application to utilize it fully. As examined from the prior

arts related to the said system, the researcher found out that the solution did not incorporate two-way authentication and

incorporated engine immobilization.

Thus, the researcher designed and developed a universal system that is capable of being implemented in vehicles regardless of

brand and model that extends a vehicle's convenience and security features. The solution comprises an apparatus installed in the

vehicle which co-exists in the existing alarm or security system and adds an ingenious solution to immobilize the engine when an

unauthorized user is detected and a mobile application for authentication and communication to the apparatus.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to design and develop a Keyless Entry System using a Smartphone.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Design and develop a system for keyless entry in a vehicle using a Smartphone.

2. Evaluate the system's acceptability using the standard instrument of ISO/IEC 25010:2011 System and Software Quality

Requirements and Evaluation in terms of Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Compatibility, Usability, Reliability,

Security, Maintainability, and Portability.

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Framework of the Study

Fig. 1 describes the Input -Throughput-Output of the system. The requests listed in the INPUT are vital requirements for all

system operations to function. The list of requests comes from the Mobile Application and the chip-enabled card. The application

uses the phone’s built-in fingerprint reader, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE), and Near Field Communication (NFC). The chip-

enabled card contains a key as an alternative authentication in the absence of a mobile phone. As for the THROUGHPUT, the

main module controls the hardware components and performs logical operations of the system to process all requests. The result

of the process is then forwarded to the mobile application, which gives the user valuable information. Lastly, the evaluation of the

software and firmware of the apparatus adopts the ISO/ IEC 25010:2011 System and Software Quality Requirements and

Evaluation instrument for evaluation to determine that the “Keyless Entry System using Smartphone” satisfies the objectives of

this study, as shown in the OUTPUT of the conceptual model. The researcher believes that feedback during the development of

the system is part and parcel of the system’s success in the actual implementation and real-world scenarios it may encounter

during operation.

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Technology

The technology of this study applies to embedded systems that combine electronics, electrical, and programming into a single

device. Embedded systems use microcontrollers, which use minimal power to run and can perform as a standalone device with

less supervision. Its extendability is far superior to most computer systems due to the wide selection of modules that can be

integrated and utilized. The system uses the Raspberry Pi module, a minicomputer running on Debian Linux, and comprises a

General- Purpose Input/ Output (GPIO) port to develop and integrate external modules. The modules comprising an ultrasonic

sensor, Near Field Communication (NFC), a voltage reader circuit, a relay-triggered fuse circuit, and a microcontroller are all

vital to the system. For mobile application development, Android was the platform of choice for its openness and availability of

documentation in biometrics and Bluetooth. The communication medium of the mobile application and the main module uses

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), which consumes less power and transfers faster than the previous version. The researcher's

"Keyless Entry System using Smartphone" took advantage of the said technologies presented to create a device that extends the

security feature of a vehicle and provides a convenient means of access to the owners' vehicle through the mobile application. The

system is compatible with most vehicles having at least a central lock and fuel injection regardless of manufacturer and model.

The technology presented in this study is extendable and applicable to other areas, not only in vehicles.

Scope and Limitation

This system was intended for vehicle owners who want to extend the security feature and means of accessing their vehicles. This

system comprises an apparatus comprising a main and secondary module and a mobile application. The device will extend the

feature of the existing security system of a vehicle by adding another layer of security through the use of a mini-computer with

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Near Field Communication module, a control circuit for a car alarm, battery level sensor, and

Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) & Fuel Pump control circuit. The system allows a chip-enabled card to authenticate the driver by

tapping it into the device's Near Field Communication (NFC) module as an added convenience feature for the owner. The system

communicates to the owner wirelessly and does not distract the vehicle's functionality. It can install the system in any vehicle

model regardless of manufacturer or brand.

The system requires a direct battery supply for continuous runtime. The system must authenticate the driver through their

registered fingerprint using the smartphone's fingerprint scanner to start the vehicle successfully. The mobile application’s

Bluetooth range cannot exceed more than 10 meters for detection. The system is not capable of creating an NFC tag. The system

cannot remotely trigger the vehicle if not in range. The system requires a vehicle with Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI).

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II. Literature Review

The concepts, studies, patents and utility model related to the researcher’s study is presented, this enabled the researcher to

identify key features and gaps in the existing technologies presented. The feature presented disclosed in China Patent No.

CN205149794U “use cell-phone fingerprint identification’s intelligent vehicle security system” and US Patent No.

US20140282931A1 “system for vehicular biometric access and personalization” uses the mobile phone’s fingerprint scanner to

unlock and lock a vehicle, however the prior art does not employ secondary verification using Near Field Communication (NFC)

and backup card solution. On the other hand, WO Patent No. WO2002048485A1 “fingerprint recognition key, lock, and control

method” provided a fingerprint recognition key for locking and unlocking the vehicle door, start the engine, and uses a mobile

device as an alternative key, however, it does not incorporate a method to control the Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) & Fuel

Pump control of the vehicle wirelessly. In another prior art US Patent No. US20050184855A1 “fingerprint vehicle access system”

disclosed, it presents a biometric sensor physically attached to the vehicle and does not make use of a mobile phone’s fingerprint

scanner. As for the CN Patent No. CN101890932A “intelligent anti-theft device of automobile based on in-vehicle

communication system” utility model, it provides GSM and GPS capability that prevents car theft through location tracking and

gsm based control, however it does not incorporate a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity to determine driver distance, an

ultrasonic sensor that detects driver inside the vehicle, and a fingerprint authentication using mobile phone which adds another

layer of security for the vehicle. Lastly, the US Patent No. US20130317693A1 “rental/car-share vehicle access and management

system and method” utility model utilizes barcode, Near Field Communication (NF), and a mobile application. The downside of

the prior art is its reliance to a network server and is not a standalone device for the vehicle and is not for personal use but for

business. Thus, the present invention seeks to address the gap in the prior arts provided by developing a universal device and

mobile application that is compatible to any brand or model of vehicle provided it qualifies to the requirements of the system.

III. Methodology

This study follows the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the development of the system for both the mobile

application and the apparatus’s firmware. Specifically, the “Modified Waterfall Model” was the model of choice by the researcher

as it is suited for the system since it incorporates an incremental approach which is needed due to the nature of the study, which

requires testing of individual components before integration and afterward implementation. It is supported by Morse (2016),

which describes the model as a logical progression of steps taken throughout the software development life cycle (SDLC), much

like the cascading steps down an incremental waterfall. While the popularity of the waterfall model has waned over recent years

in favor of more agile methodologies, It cannot deny the logical nature of the sequential process used in the waterfall method, and

it remains a common design process in the industry (Morse, 2016).

Fig. 2 Modified Waterfall Model

Participants of the Study

The population of the study was determined using purposive sampling with five participants according to their field of expertise

related to the study, comprised of a Mechanical Engineer/Automotive, Electronics/Communications Engineer, Computer

Engineer, and Information Technology Professional. It was supported by Edralin (2002), who mentioned that “the selection of

key informants based on a predetermined set of criteria. These people are considered to be the most appropriate source of data in

terms of the objectives of the study”. It is to determine whether the participant was an expert, and a profile was gathered for each.

Data Gathering Procedure

The survey questionnaires was reproduced according to the number of respondents for actual administration here in Negros

Occidental. The researcher adapted ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation

questionnaire. The researcher installed the device on a vehicle and the application on a mobile device. To guide the system's flow,

the researcher demonstrated each functionality and feature stated as the objectives of this study to the identified group of experts.

As mentioned above, The researcher surveyed five technical experts in the field. An individual evaluated the system to the expert

to ensure all features were described and could be evaluated at the pace of the expert. Inspection of the hardware was made and

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will then be verified through the mobile application. The data were tabulated and processed electronically upon retrieving the

survey questionnaires.

Data Analysis

To interpret the survey results, the researcher used a statistical tool to generate the results, which was then interpreted

meaningfully to answer the research problem posed at the beginning of the investigation (Edralin, 2002). The researcher selected

the most appropriate statistical tool for data analysis to describe the study's result best.

Data Analysis

The mean of each criterion on the data gathered was computed carefully. A scale of 1 to 5 was made where 1 being the lowest

and 5 being the highest. Table 1 was used to interpret the mean score.

Table I: The 5-point scale, its mean range, and verbal interpretation

Mean Range

Verbal Interpretation

4.21 – 5.00

Excellent

3.41 – 4.20

Very Satisfactory

2.61 – 3.40

Satisfactory

1.81 – 2.60

Fair

1.00 – 1.80

Poor

The Technology

Referring to Fig. 3, the System Architecture is described. It is divided into three main parts; the hardware module, the vehicle,

and the smartphone. Embedded technology was the choice in developing the system as it can be designed to be stand-alone,

power efficient, extendable, and portable. The system uses wireless technology using the power-efficient Bluetooth Low Energy

(BLE) and Near Field Communication (NFC). The application was developed for Android and took advantage of the operating

system's openness. The programming language for the mobile application is Java which is object-oriented and widely used. The

operating system of the main module is Linux based, which is open source. The scripting language used for the main module,

Node.js, is because of its wide availability of libraries for the sensors and input-output operations of the system. The system,

therefore, is well placed in electronics, electrical, and computer systems.

Fig. 3 System Architecture

IV. Results

Table II shows the evaluation of the system, ISO/IEC 25010:2011 System and Software Engineering – Systems and Software

Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE)- Systems. According to ISO (2011), it is a

Table II The 5-point scale, its mean range, and verbal interpretation

ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and Software Quality Characteristics

Mean

Description

GRAND MEAN

4.55

Excellent

Functional Suitability (as a whole)

4.47

Excellent

a.1 Functional Completeness

4.40

Excellent

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a.2 Functional Correctness

4.60

Excellent

a.3 Functional Appropriateness

4.40

Excellent

Performance Efficiency (as a whole)

4.33

Excellent

b.1 Time Behavior

4.00

Very Satisfactory

b.2 Resource Utilization

4.40

Excellent

b.3 Capacity

4.60

Excellent

Compatibility (as a whole)

4.70

Excellent

c.1. Co-existence

4.80

Excellent

c.2 Interoperability

4.60

Excellent

Usability (as a whole)

4.57

Excellent

d.1 Appropriateness Recognizability

4.80

Excellent

d.2 Learnability

4.40

Excellent

d.3 Operability

4.60

Excellent

d.4 User error Protection

4.40

Excellent

d.5 User Interface Aesthetics

4.40

Excellent

d.6 Accessibility

4.80

Excellent

Reliability (as a whole)

4.30

Excellent

e.1 Maturity

4.20

Very Satisfactory

e.2 Availability

4.80

Excellent

e.3 Fault Tolerance

4.20

Very Satisfactory

e.4 Recoverability

4.00

Satisfactory

Security (as a whole)

4.60

Excellent

f.1 Confidentiality

4.60

Excellent

f.2 Integrity

4.60

Excellent

f.3 Non-repudiation

4.60

Excellent

f.4 Accountability

4.40

Excellent

f.5 Authenticity

4.80

Excellent

Maintainability (as a whole)

4.64

Excellent

g.1 Modularity

4.60

Excellent

g.2 Reusability

4.60

Excellent

g.3 Analysability

4.60

Excellent

g.4 Modifiability

4.80

Excellent

g.5 Testability

4.60

Excellent

Portability (as a whole)

4.80

Excellent

h.1 Adaptability

4.80

Excellent

h.2 Installability

5.00

Excellent

h.3 Replaceability

4.60

Excellent

product quality model composed of eight characteristics (which are further subdivided into sub-characteristics) that relate to

software's static properties and the computer system's dynamic properties. The model applies to both computer systems and

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software products. It means that the evaluation tool is appropriate for the Keyless Entry System using Smartphones to ensure that

it will evaluate all the areas of the system objectively and accurately.

The following are the findings of the study:

1. The level of functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and

portability of the Keyless Entry System using Smartphone when taken as a whole is “Excellent”.

2. The level of performance efficiency of the Keyless Entry System using Smartphone when classified according to time

behavior is “Very Satisfactory”.

3. The level of reliability of the Keyless Entry System using Smartphone when classified according to maturity and fault

tolerance is “Very Satisfactory”.

4. The level of reliability of the Keyless Entry System using Smartphone when classified according to recoverability is

“Satisfactory”.

V. Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were formulated:

The overall results of the Keyless Entry System using Smartphone in all Systems and Software Quality Characteristics of the

ISO/IEC 25010:2011 is “Excellent” which means that the system performed accordingly and extended the safety and convenience

features by providing two-way verification, Smartphone fingerprint authentication, engine immobility, and Bluetooth Low

Energy (BLE) based keyless entry.

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