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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue IV, April 2025
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Physico-Chemical Analysis and Phytochemical Characterization of
Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don in Contaminated Soil and
Garden Soil.
Virendra A. Chauhan, Smit Bhavsar, Nainesh R. Modi
Department of Botany, Bioinformatics & Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University,
Ahmedabad- 380009
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.140400043
Received: 15 April 2025; Accepted: 25 April 2025; Published: 08 May 2025
Abstract: The physico-chemical characteristics and phytochemical profiles of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don grown in both
garden soil and contaminated soil are examined in this study. The purpose of the study is to evaluate how soil pollution affects
that plant’s growth characteristics, metabolic components, and secondary metabolites. While plant samples were assessed for
growth metrics, and phytochemical substances like alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics, soil samples were examined for pH,
Dissolved solids, Dissolved oxygen and Total hardness and Calcium hardness. The Qualitative test for plant extract of solvent
methanol and distilled water is done by Harbone’s Qualitative method for detection of secondary metabolites i.e., Alkaloid,
Tannin, Phenol, Flavonoid, Saponins and Lignin. The determination of the Total Phenolic Content, Total Tannin Content and
Total Flavonoid Content was done by Quantitative analysis with the help of Folin- ciocalteu, Folin- Phenol and Aluminium
Chloride methods respectively. Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity id done by Phosphomolybdenum Assay. The test
results of quantitative are all using the concentration of 1 ml of prepare sample extract. The plant extract of solvent methanol and
distilled water detects many secondary metabolites like Alkaloid, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponins and lignin this all are detect
in the phytochemical test by qualitative methods and according to quantitative analysis the pollution affects the phytochemical but
the Antioxidant capacity remains same. The findings demonstrate the adaptability of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under
challenging circumstances and its potential for application in phytoremediation by showing notable differences in growth and
phytochemical composition between plants in contaminated areas and their consequences for environmental health and
sustainable agriculture are better understood thanks to this research.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Physico-chemical, Phenols.
I. Introduction
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, is a noteworthy evergreen herb that belongs to the Apocynaceae family of dogbanes. The bloom
colors of the two common cultivars of Catharanthus roseus are “Alba” for white flowers and “Roseus” for pink flowers. The plant
is often called Madagascar periwinkle because it is indigenous to Madagascar. In the past, a variety of ailments, such as
rheumatism, diabetes, menstrual problems, dyspepsia, cancer, hypertension, and skin conditions, were treated using Catharanthus
roseus. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds and possesses a broad range of pharmacological properties (Jaleel, et al., 2008).
The plant is reportedly cultivated extensively for its alkaloids, which have anticancer properties (Nayak et al., 2007). The main
alkaloids found in Catharanthus roseus are used to treat constipation, diabetes, cancer, blood pressure, and asthma. The plant
generates two main terpene indole alkaloids with anti-cancer properties: vincristine and vinblastine (Ajaib, et al., 2010).
Catharanthus roseus contains significant levels of phenolic and volatile compounds, such as caffeoylquinic acids and flavonol
glycosides. These substances are essential to the plant defense system and act as antioxidants against reactive oxygen species
(Kabesh, et al., 2015). These compounds also exhibit other anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-allergic, and cardio-protective
properties (Kumar, et al., 2015). Catharanthus roseus has medicinal properties, as well as it also possesses properties for
phytoremediation. The increasing use of a variety of heavy metals in industry and agricultural has raised serious concern about
environmental contamination (Sinhal, et al., 2010). Uncontrolled use of sewage sludge, compost, mining waste, chemical
fertilizers, and industrial development all contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals in agriculture areas. The soil is under
long-term risk from these metals. Restoring soils polluted with potentially dangerous metals and metalloids is a serious global
concern (Shelmerdine, et al., 2009).
II. Materials and Methods
Phytochemical Analysis:
Collection of Samples: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is use for this study and it is collected from two different sites that is,
Pirana Landfill Site, AMC Oxygen Park, Science city- Ahmedabad. The soil and water are also collected from the respective
sites.
Preparation of Sample Extracts: The plant materials that is, Leaves & Stem, were dried under the sunlight so they get
dehydrated. Then the plants part was crushed properly using a mixture and stored for the preparation of extract. Then 10 g of
sample powder is dissolved it in solvent like methanol and distilled water respectively. The mixture is allowed to properly
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dissolve in respective solvent. The mixture was separated with the help of filter paper in test-tubes then the liquid extract in a
petri- plates was allowed to dry under room temperature. Then the extract is prepared of 0.030 g of dry extract in 30ml of
respective solvent.
Qualitative Analysis:
Test for Alkaloids:
Wagner’s test: To 1ml of the extract, 1 ml of Wagner’s reagent was added in test-tubes. Appearance of brown/reddish color
indicates the presence of alkaloids (Raaman, 2006).
Iodine test: To 3 ml of extract, 3-4 drops of iodine solution was added in test-tube. Appearance of blue color indicates the
presence of alkaloids (Bhatt, & Dhvani, 2012)
Test for Flavonoids:
Lead acetate test: To 1 ml of extract, few drops of 10% lead acetate was added in test-tube. Appearance of yellow precipitate
indicates the presence of flavonoid (De silva, et al., 2017).
Conc. H
2
SO
4
test: To 2 ml of extract, 1ml of concentrated H
2
SO
4
was added
in test-tube. Appearance of orange color indicates the
presence of flavonoid (Tyagi, 2017).
Test for Phenol:
Iodine test: To 1 ml of extract, few drops of dil. Iodine solution was added in test-tube. Appearance of red color indicates the
presence of phenol (Jagessar, 2017).
Folin-ciocaltue test: To 0.5 ml of extract, 1ml of Folin-ciocaltue was added in test-tube. Appearance of bluish green precipitate
indicates the presence of phenol.
Test for Saponins:
Sodium bicarbonate test: To 2 ml of extract, 1 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution was added in test-tube. Appearance of
honeycomb like froth indicates the presence of saponins.
Olive oil test: To 2 ml of extract, 2 drops of olive oil was added in test-tubes. Appearance of foam or emulsification indicates the
presence of saponins (Dahanayake, et al., 2019).
Test for Lignin:
Labatt test: To 2 ml of extract, few drops of Gallic acid was added in test-tube. Appearance of olive green color indicates the
presence of lignin (Bhatt, & Dhyani, 2012).
Test for Tannin:
Lead acetate test: To 2 ml of extract, 1ml of 10% lead acetate solution was added in test-tube. Appearance of white or brownish
precipitates indicates presence of Tannin (Sheel, et al., 2014).
Quantitative Analysis:
Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC):
The Phenolic phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant compounds that include a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to an
aromatic benzene ring. These materials are necessary for plants to grow, procreate, and defend themselves against environmental
stressors like UV radiation, diseases, and herbivores. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of TPC. Gallic acid
was used as a standard for TPC. 1 ml of extracted was followed by the addition of 3 ml of distilled water, then 0.5 ml of Folin-
Ciocalteu was added and then the mixture was allowed for incubation at room temperature for 3 minutes. After incubation, 2 ml
of Na
2
CO
3
was added, followed by heating the test-tubes in water bath for a minute. With the help of a spectrophotometer, at the
wavelength of 650 nm, the absorbance of sample was calculated Using a standard calibration curve (y = 0.457x + 0.1206, R
2
=
0.9987), the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram was used to express the total phenol content in the plant extract. (Malik, &
Singh, 1980).
Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC):
Flavonoids are a large class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. The various colors of fruits, vegetables, and flowers are
caused by these secondary metabolites. Flavonoids, well-known antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties make
them essential for human health as well as plant defense. AlCl
3
method was used for the determination of TFC. Quercetin was
used as a standard for TFC. 1 ml of extract is followed by the addition of 0.3 ml of 5% NaNo
2
and the test-tube were let to
incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature. After that, addition of 0.3 ml of 10% AlCl
3
is done and again test-tube were let to
incubate for 6 minutes at room temperature. Now, 3.3 ml of Distilled water is added followed by the addition of 2 ml of 1M
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NaOH. With the help of spectrophotometer, at the wavelength of 510 nm, the absorbance of sample was calculated Using a
standard calibration curve (y = 0.581x + 0.0333, R
2
= 0.9989), the Quercetin equivalent (QE) per gram was used to express the
total Flavonoid in the plant extract (Zhishen, et al., 1999).
Determination of Total Tannin Content (TTC):
Tannins are a type of polyphenolic compound found in plants. They can bind to proteins, alkaloids, and other biomolecules as
astringent secondary metabolites. Folin-phenol method was used for the determination of TTC. Tannic acid was used as a
standard for TTC. 1 ml of extract is followed by the addition of 7.5 ml distilled water and 0.4 ml of Folin-phenol reagent. Then 1
ml of 35% Na
2
Co
3
was added and at last, volume is made of 10 ml was done in the test-tubes. Now the test-tubes were allowed to
incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature. With the help of a spectrophotometer, at the wavelength of 725 nm, the absorbance
of sample was calculated. Using a standard calibration curve (y = 0.3463x + 0.1179, R
2
= 0.9989), the tannin acid equivalent
(TAE) per gram was used to express the total tannin in the plant extract (Lahare, et al., 2021).
Total Antioxidant Capacity- Phosphomolybdenum Assay (PMA):
Phosphomolybdenum assay method was used for the total antioxidant capacity. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard for PMA.
Concentration of 0.2 ml of extract was used for the test followed by the addition of 2 ml of phosphomolybdenum reagent. Then
the test-tubes were allowed for incubate at 90
o
C
for 90 minutes in water bath and then allowed them to cool down at room
temperature. With the help of a spectrophotometer, at the wavelength of 765 nm, the absorbance of sample is calculated. Using a
standard calibration curve (y = 0.558x + 0.258, R
2
= 0.9943), the Ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram was used to express
the total Antioxidant capacity in the plant extract (Prieto, et al., 1999).
Physico-chemical Tests of Soil and Water:
pH test
The pH of sample was calculated using digital pH meter. For water directly measure the pH with the help of pH meter. For soil, 1
part of soil is mixed with 2 parts of distilled water e.g., 10 g of soil is mixed with 20 ml of distilled water and mixed well then the
mixture was allowed to settled down and the pH was measured of extracted water.
Total Dissolved Solids Test (TDS)
The TDS of samples was calculated with the help of TDS meter. For water directly measure the TDS with TDS meter. For soil,
10 g of soil is mixed in 20 ml of distilled water, the mixture is allowed to settle and then the TDS value is measured.
Total Hardness Test
For soil, 10 gm of soil was added to 50 ml of distilled water and then extracted water is used for the total hardness test. In a flask
of 250 ml, to 10 ml of sample water, 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator was added, which turns red if hardness is present.
Then 1-2 ml of ammonium buffer solution was added to flask. The burette is filled with EDTA. Start titrating the solution against
EDTA. The color will change from red to blue (Indalkar, et al., 2023).
Total hardness = (Eq weight of CaCo
3
x N of EDTA x Vol of EDTA used)/ (Vol of water sample) x 1000
Calcium Hardness Test
For soil take 10 g of soil in 50 ml of distilled water and mix properly and the extracted water is used for the calcium hardness test.
To 10 ml of sample water was added to the flask followed by the addition of 2-3 drops of EB-T indicator and then 2 ml of
ammonium buffer solution to maintain pH of the solution. The burette is filled with EDTA and start titrating. The color will
change from red to blue.
Total hardness = (Eq weight of Ca
+3
x N of EDTA x Vol of EDTA used)/ (Vol of water sample) × 1000
Dissolved Oxygen Test (Winkler Titration Method)
For soil mix 10 g of soil to 50 ml of distilled water and mix properly, then the extracted water is used for the dissolved oxygen
test. In a BOD bottle 1 ml of 48% Manganese sulfate solution was added to water sample. The bottle was closed and the
precipitate form of manganese dioxide. Then 1 ml of alkaline iodide solution was added followed by the addition of 1 ml of con.
sulfuric acid. The burette is filled with 0.02 N of sodium thiosulfate. In a conical flask of 250 ml, 10 ml of solution from BOD
bottle was taken and titrated against sodium thiosulfate. When yellow color appeared, a few drops of starch indicator were added,
the color changed to blue. The titration continued till blue color disappear (Bruckner, 2011).
Dissolve Oxygen = (Vol of sodium thiosulfate used x N of sodium thiosulfate x weight of oxygen)/ (Vol of water sample) × 1000
III. Results and Discussion
Phytochemical Test Results:
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Qualitative analysis:
Plants naturally contain chemical molecules called phytochemicals that give them their color, flavor, and resistance to disease. In
addition to being essential for the growth, defense, and reproduction of plants, these substances have major positive effects on
both human and animal health when ingested. Several classes of phytochemicals are distinguished, such as phenolic acids,
alkaloids, flavonoids, Saponins, and Lignin.
The table below shows the results of phytochemicals present in different parts of plant from different sites.
Table 1: Phytochemical screening of plant extract
Sr.
No
Phyto-
chemicals
Solvent
Plant Samples
Stem (Garden
site)
Leaf (Garden
site)
Stem (Dump
site)
Leaf (Dump
site)
1
Alkaloids
Methanol
+
+
+
+
D.W
-
-
+
-
2
Flavonoids
Methanol
+
-
-
-
D.W
+
+
+
+
3
Phenols
Methanol
+
-
+
-
D.W
+
-
+
-
4
Tannin
Methanol
-
-
-
-
D.W
+
+
+
+
5
Saponins
Methanol
+
+
+
+
D.W
+
+
+
+
6
Lignin
Methanol
+
+
+
+
D.W
-
+
-
+
The ‘+’ sign indicates the presence and ‘-’ sign indicates the absence of secondary metabolites in the sample plant extract.
Discussion: Phytochemical screening of plant extracts shows the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannin, Phenols, Saponins,
and Lignin. Alkaloid, Saponins and lignin were detected in methanol extracts whereas flavonoids and tannins were majorly
detected in distilled water extracts. Flavonoids were not detected in either of stem extracts. Research published by R. Lahare, et
al., 2021 also reported the presence of saponins, tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and phenolic compounds in Catharanthus roseus.
Quantitative Analysis
Total Phenolic Content (TPC)The possible antioxidant activity of plant phenolics found in plants has drawn a lot of interest
(Dziedzic & Hudson, 1983). Plants contain phenolic compounds in large quantities (Li, Smith, & Hossain, 2006). These
compounds have drawn a lot of interest because of their antioxidant properties and capacity to scavenge free radicals, which may
have positive effects on human health (Govindarajan, Singh, & Rawat, 2007). Total phenol content (TPC) was calculated and
expressed as mg GAE/g dry sample after comparison with standard gallic acid.
Graph 1: Standard for TPC
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Table 2: Results for TPC (Methanol)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/GAE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Methanol
1 ml
0.2296
23.86±0.009
2
Leaf (Garden site)
1 ml
2.7056
56.566±0.037
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
2.322
48.185±0.009
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
0.231
24.15±0.047
Table 3: Results for TPC (Distilled Water)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/GAE
1
Stem(Garden site)
Distilled
Water
1 ml
0.3246
44.65±0.013
2
Leaf(Garden site)
1 ml
0.0453
44.53±0.018
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
0.4421
44.21±0.009
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
1.0563
10.56±0.019
Discussion: The fresh parts of plant that is Stem and Leaf shows higher phenolic content with value of 23.86±0.009 mg/GAE and
56.566±0.037 mg/GAE in methanol and 44.65±0.013 mg/GAE, and 44.53±0.018 mg/GAE in distilled water respectively, as
compared to the dump site plant part. R. Lahare, et al., 2021 reported that Stem contains higher phenolic content than leaves. So
based on the comparison, the polluted soil affects the plant which lowers the concentration of Phenolic content.
Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
Flavonoids are physiologically active phytochemicals that are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom which are being employed in many
herbal remedies for many years now. They are a necessary component of our regular diet. They mostly gather in the plant
portions that can be eaten. Total Flavonoid content (TFC) was calculated and expressed as mg QE/g dry sample after comparison
with standard Quercetine (Mathesius, 2018).
Graph 2: Standard for TFC
0.099333333
0.145
0.201666667
0.260333333
0.332333333
y = 0.0581x + 0.0333
R² = 0.9935
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 4 5
Absorbance
Concentration
Quercetine
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Table 4: Results for TFC of plant Extract (Methanol)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/QE
1
Stem(Garden site)
Methanol
1 ml
0.234
34.54±0.014
2
Leaf (Garden site)
1 ml
0.2456
36.55±0.020
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
0.1936
27.601±0.013
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
0.2003
28.749±0.0165
Table 5: Results for TFC of Plant Extract (Distilled Water)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/QE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Distilled
Water
1 ml
0.123
15.438±0.004
2
Leaf (Garden site)
1 ml
0.105
12.34±0.003
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
0.1103
13.258±0.005
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
0.128
16.299±0.001
Discussion: The fresh parts of plant that is stem and leaf shows the higher flavonoid content with value of 34.54±0.0144 mg/QE,
and 36.55±0.020 mg/QE in methanol and 15.438±0.004 mg/QE, 12.34±0.003 mg/QE in distilled water respectively, compared to
the dump site plant part. R. Lahare, et al., 2021 reported that leaf contains higher amount of flavonoid. According to the values
obtained, the polluted soil affects the plant phytochemical especially Flavonoid which results in lower concentration.
Total Tannin Content (TTC)
Tannins help plants fight against diseases and herbivores by preventing feeding and preventing the growth of microorganisms. A
varied class of compounds found in plants, tannins have both noteworthy sensory qualities and possible health benefits.
Understanding their characteristics is crucial from a nutritional and culinary standpoint, as their presence varies greatly amongst
plant species and food products. Total Tannin content (TTC) was calculated and expressed as mg TAE/g dry sample after
comparison with standard tannic acid (Robbins, et al., 1987).
Graph 3: Standard for TTC
0.467666667
0.800666667
1.177666667
1.477333333
1.861
y = 0.3463x + 0.1179
R² = 0.9989
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Absorbance
Concentration
Tannic Acid
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Table 6: Results for TTC of Plant Extract (Methanol)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/TAE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Methanol
1 ml
1.9066
51.653±0.246
2
Leaf (Garden site)
1 ml
1.4433
38.27±0.367
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
2.021
54.955±0.220
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
2.511
69.124±0.167
Table 7: Results for TTC of Plant Extract (Distilled Water)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/TAE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Distilled
Water
1 ml
0.1956
22.45±0.0136
2
Leaf (Garden site)
1 ml
0.265
42.47±0.008
3
Stem (Dump site)
1 ml
0.1793
17.73±0.008
4
Leaf (Dump site)
1 ml
0.184
19.08±0.0135
Discussion: The dump site plant parts that is stem and leaf have shown higher tannin content with the value 54.955±0.220
mg/TAE, and 69.124±0.167 mg/TAE in methanol and 17.73±0.008 mg/TAE, and 19.08±0.0135 mg/TAE in distilled water
respectively, compare to fresh plant parts. According to R. Lahare, et al., 2021, leaf shows higher concentration of tannin as
compare to other parts. From the values obtained, the tannin present in the plant does not affect by polluted soil.
Total Antioxidant Capacity
Antioxidant capacity in plant phytochemicals refers to the ability of numerous non-nutritive chemical compounds produced by
plants to protect cells from harm caused by free radicals. These unstable molecules, known as free radicals, can harm lipids,
proteins, and DNA in cells, which can lead to aging and a number of chronic illnesses (Ahmad, & Umar, 2011).
Graph 4: Standard for PMA
Table 8: Results for PMA of Plant Extract (Methanol)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/AAE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Methanol
0.2 ml
0.1506
73.23±0.0005
2
Leaf (Garden site)
0.2 ml
0.405
11.88±0.002
3
Stem (Dump site)
0.2 ml
0.1996
82.01±0.008
4
Leaf (Dump site)
0.2 ml
0.255
9.19±0.013
0.26
0.91
1.467
1.876
2.567
y = 0.558x - 0.258
R² = 0.9943
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Absorbance
Concentration
Ascorbic Acid
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Table 9: Results for PMA of Plant Extract (Distilled Water)
No.
Plant Sample
Solvent
Concentration
Absorbance
mg/AAE
1
Stem (Garden site)
Distilled
Water
0.2 ml
0.124
68.45±0.008
2
Leaf (Garden site)
0.2 ml
0.158
74.61±0.002
3
Stem (Dump site)
0.2 ml
0.132
69.89±0.005
4
Leaf (Dump site)
0.2 ml
0.1676
76.28±0.001
Discussion: The total antioxidant capacity results shows that in methanol fresh stem has 73.23±0.0005 mg/AAE, for fresh leaf
11.881±0.0026 mg/AAE, for dump stem 82.01±0.0086 mg/AAE, and for dump leaf 91.93±0.0135 mg/AAE. In distilled water for
fresh stem 68.45±0.008 mg/AAE, for fresh leaf 74.61±0.0020 mg/AAE, for dump stem 69.89±0.0051, and for dump leaf
76.28±0.0011 mg/AAE. The results show that the antioxidant capacity of both plant extracts was found to be similar. According
to the results, the antioxidant properties of plant is not affected by the polluted soil as it shows same concentration.
Physico-Chemical Test Results:
The quality of soil and water, as well as their capacity to sustain biodiversity, promote plant development, and supply clean water
for a range of applications, are largely determined by their physico-chemical characteristics. These attributes encompass a variety
of chemical and physical traits that affect human activity and the environment.
Table 10: Results for Physico-chemical tests of soil and water
No.
Sample
pH
TDS
Total Hardness
Calcium
Hardness
Dissolved
Oxygen
1
Water (Garden site)
6.19 pH
171 ppm
4513 ppm
122 ppm
238 ppm
2
Water (Dump site)
5.77 pH
292 ppm
4546 ppm
530 ppm
383 ppm
3
Soil (Garden site)
6.48 pH
002 ppm
2066 ppm
632 ppm
362 ppm
4
Soil (Dump site)
7.89 pH
007 ppm
2993 ppm
581 ppm
462 ppm
Discussion: According to pH results fresh site water is less acidic than dump site water and fresh site soil is slightly acidic and
dump site soil is slightly basic. According to TDS results, Dump site water and soil has higher dissolved solids compare to fresh
site soil and water.
The total hardness results show that the dump site of soil and water has higher total hardness than the fresh site of soil and water.
According to calcium hardness test, dump site water and fresh site soil has more calcium hardness compare to fresh site water and
dump site soil respectively. Dissolved oxygen results shows that the dump site of water and soil has higher dissolved oxygen than
the fresh site of soil and water.
Conclusion
Many secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and lignins, are detected by the plant
extract of solvent methanol and distilled water. According to the TPC and TFC data, the plant parts from the fresh site have
higher concentration of Flavonoids and phenol respectively, than the dump site plant parts. According to TTC data, plant parts
from dump site have a higher tannin content than plant parts from fresh sites. The antioxidant capacity of both site plants is the
same, according to the results of the phosphomolebdenum assay for total antioxidant capacity.
The physico-chemical test of soil and water reveals that dump site water and soil exhibit higher levels of acidity, total dissolved
solids, Dissolved oxygen, and total hardness compare to fresh site soil and water. Calcium hardness of fresh site soil and dump
site water is higher than dump site soil and fresh site water.
Acknowledgment
I am very thankful to the Department of Botany, Gujarat University, for providing instrument facility and support.
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