INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 9

Adaptation Phenomena of Visually Impaired Disabilities in Social

Relations at the Social Rehabilitation Unit in Malang, Indonesia

*Firdaus Suslistijawan

, Oman Sukmana

, Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo

, Bambang Tri Sasongko

Adi

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang,

Jl. Raya Tlogomas 246, Malang City, East Java 65144

2,3

Professor, Department of Sociology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130502

Received: 30 April 2024; Accepted: 16 May 2024; Published: 31 May 2024

Abstract - This research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, involving various techniques, such as participant observation,

in-depth interviews, and document analysis, to explore the adaptation phenomena of visually impaired individuals at the Technical

Service Unit (UPT) for Social Rehabilitation for the Visually Impaired in Malang, Indonesia. The research findings indicate that

their self-adjustment involves complexities arising from differences in abilities and individual conditions. The dynamics of social

relations within the UPT also play a significant role in shaping their experiences and quality of life. The research findings highlight

the need for holistic and inclusive efforts to understand and address emerging issues so that visually impaired individuals can

develop their full potential in a supportive social context. Practical implications of this research include recommendations to

enhance services and support for visually impaired individuals, while promoting social inclusion for them. These concrete steps are

expected to contribute positively to the welfare and social potential development of visually impaired individuals in Indonesia and

other countries.

Keywords: disability, visually impaired, phenomenology, social relations, adaptation

I. Introduction

A. Background

Adaptation in social environments is a crucial process for every individual, especially for those facing challenges such as visually

impaired disabilities. Adaptation plays a key role in enabling them to engage fully in daily life and build healthy social

relationships. Visual disabilities, as one form of sensory disability, present unique adaptation challenges to the surrounding

environment.

In the context of relevant international conventions, it is important to note that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of

Persons with Disabilities emphasizes the importance of protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, including sensory

disabilities such as visual impairments. This convention urges countries to ensure accessibility, inclusion, and equality for persons

with disabilities in various aspects of life[25].

In Indonesia, Law Number 8 of 2016 concerning persons with disabilities also recognizes the need for protection and support for

individuals with various types of disabilities, including visual impairments. Depending on the severity, visually impaired

individuals can be classified as totally blind or having low vision[6]. Understanding these differences is crucial for designing

appropriate approaches to provide the necessary support and access. This research looked into those two type of visual impairment,

i.e., totally blind and low vision at the UPT in Malang, Indonesia.

Research focused on the adaptation of visually impaired individuals at the Technical Service Unit (UPT) for Social Rehabilitation

for the Visually Impaired in Malang, Indonesia, is an important step in gaining deeper understanding of their experiences in

adaptation. This UPT plays a crucial role in aiding the adaptation and social integration process for visually impaired individuals.

The Social Rehabilitation Unit for the Visually Impaired in Malang is responsible for implementing certain duties of the

Department, specifically in social rehabilitation for clients aged 15 to 50 with visual disabilities, as well as administration and

public services. There are a total of 100-110 individuals with visually impaired condition. To fulfill these responsibilities, the unit's

functions include program planning, candidate selection, social rehabilitation and services, fulfilling basic needs, providing

consultation services, preparing technical support for ongoing guidance and service contracts, facilitating cooperation in services

and rehabilitation, technical execution of client repatriation or referrals for those capable of orientation and mobility, daily living

activities, braille literacy, and life skills, administrative tasks, public services, monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and other tasks

assigned by the Department Head. All these function of the UPT has not been fully implemented, due to limited resources and the

existence of stigma at the community to those disable group of people, including the visually impaired individuals [38].

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 10

With a deeper understanding of the challenges they face, existing needs, and effective strategies, we can better support them in

building independence and social inclusion.

1. Problem Formulation

Based on the background described above, the research addresses the adaptation phenomena of visually impaired individuals in

social relations within the environment of the UPT for Social Rehabilitation for the Visually Impaired in Malang, the factors

influencing their adaptation process, and the implications of these findings for improving their quality of life and social inclusion.

Annually, about 110 individuals undergo rehabilitation at the UPT, but only 20-25 successfully complete the program. Several

factors contribute to this low completion rate, including internal family problems such as lack of commitment, limited resources at

the UPT, lack of confidence among the visually impaired individuals, and persistent community stigma towards visually impaired

persons. These issues highlight the critical need for targeted interventions to enhance support systems, reduce stigma, and foster a

more inclusive environment, thereby improving the overall quality of life and social inclusion for visually impaired individuals at

the UPT.

2. Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

1. To explore the adaptation phenomena of visually impaired individuals in social relations at the Social Rehabilitation Unit in

Malang and other places.

2. To identify the factors influencing the adaptation process phenomena in that environment.

3. To evaluate the implications of the research findings for efforts to improve the quality of life and social inclusion for visually

impaired individuals at the UPT.

3. Research Benefits

This research is expected to provide the following benefits:

1. Theoretical contribution to understanding the adaptation phenomena of visually impaired individuals in the context of social

relations.

2. Practical contribution to formulating policies and intervention programs that are more effective in supporting the

independence and social inclusion of visually impaired individuals.

3. Valuable information for institutions and organizations involved in the service and advocacy for visually impaired

individuals, in Indonesia and other areas.

II. Theoretical Framework

1. Social Stigma Theory

The theory of social stigma, developed by sociologist Erving Goffman in his famous book titled "Stigma: Notes on the

Management of Spoiled Identity," is a conceptualization that depicts how individuals or certain groups can be negatively labeled by

society due to attributes or characteristics considered different or abnormal. Social stigma can form based on various factors,

including physical conditions, social circumstances, or personal identities such as disabilities. Goffman suggests that social stigma

is not only formed by the attributes possessed by individuals but also by the social interactions that occur between individuals with

those attributes and others in society as a whole[14].

In the context of this research, the theory of social stigma can be directed to understand how societal perceptions and attitudes

toward visually impaired individuals at the Social Rehabilitation Unit for the Visually Impaired in Malang affect their adaptation

process in social relations. The main propositions that can be utilized in this research are:

1. Visually impaired individuals are perceived as a vulnerable group [15]to social stigma. This proposition directs the research

to understand how visually impaired individuals experience social stigma in their daily interactions within the environment of

the Social Rehabilitation Unit for the Visually Impaired in Malang.

2. Social stigma affects the adaptation process of visually impaired individuals in social relations[23]. This proposition directs

the research to explore how the social stigma experienced by visually impaired individuals influences their interactions with

staff and fellow residents of the unit and how it affects the quality of their social relations.

3. Social support can reduce the impact of social stigma [21]on visually impaired individuals. This proposition directs the

research to evaluate the extent to which social support received by visually impaired individuals at the Social Rehabilitation

Unit for the Visually Impaired in Malang can help them overcome social stigma and enhance their adaptation process in the

social environment.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 11

In addition to Erving Goffman, several other figures have also advocated, critiqued, or developed the theory of social stigma

introduced by Goffman. One of them is Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and historian. Foucault developed his own

perspective on social stigma through the concept of "power/knowledge." According to Foucault, social stigma is not only formed

through social interactions but is also influenced by power structures within society. Foucault highlights how knowledge and

power collaborate to create social norms and construct individuals as "other" or "abnormal" based on certain attributes or

characteristics. Thus, Foucault makes an important contribution to understanding the relationship between social stigma,

knowledge, and power in society[17].

Apart from Foucault, many other figures have also developed understandings of social stigma from various perspectives. For

example, sociologists such as Patricia Hill Collins and Douglas Massey, as well as psychologists such as Claude Steele and Carol

Tavris [17]. Each of these figures brings their unique contributions to understanding the complexity and impact of social stigma in

various contexts, both at the individual and structural levels within society. Thus, understanding of social stigma becomes

increasingly rich and complex with the diverse contributions of these figures.

2. Challenges of Disability Adaptation

Based on etymology, the term "visually impaired" comes from the word "visually" meaning damaged, and "impaired" meaning

sight, thus literally referring to someone who experiences damage to their vision. Visually impaired individuals can be divided into

two main categories, namely totally blind and low vision. Total blindness is a condition in which a person is completely unable to

perceive light stimuli from the outside, while low vision indicates that an individual is still able to perceive light stimuli from the

outside, albeit with limitations. In the context of social theory, understanding this classification of visual impairment provides a

foundation for understanding the complexity of individual adaptation experiences in social relations.

Visually impaired individuals face various challenges in adapting to their environment, involving physical, social, and

psychological aspects. These factors have significant implications in social theories related to adaptation and social inclusion. For

example, limited physical accessibility, such as the unavailability of good sidewalks, can be analyzed through the lens of human

ecology theory, which highlights the complex relationship between individuals and their physical environment. The

misunderstanding from those around them regarding the needs and experiences of visually impaired individuals can be explained

through symbolic interactionism theory, which emphasizes the importance of social interaction in shaping meanings and social

constructions of disability.

Meanwhile, stigma and discrimination against disabilities from society reflect the concept of social stigma developed by Erving

Goffman. Social stigma can affect the adaptation process and social integration of visually impaired individuals by hindering

positive interactions and resulting in damaged or stigmatized identities. The level of education and societal awareness of the needs

and rights of disabilities, as well as complex health condition disruptions, can be analyzed through the lenses of social inclusion

theory and social involvement theory, which highlight the importance of individual's active participation in various aspects of

social life and creating supportive environments for all individuals, including those with disabilities.

3. Previous Research on Disability Adaptation

There have been several previous studies both in Indonesia and other countries that have examined disability adaptation within

families and social environments. For example, research by [37] in Indonesia explored the experiences of families in facing and

managing a child's disability at home. This research highlights the role of the family as the primary agent in supporting the

adaptation of children with disabilities in the home environment. Findings indicate that social support and family understanding of

the needs of children with disabilities are crucial in facilitating their adaptation process.

In other countries, research by [35] discusses the adaptation of children with disabilities in inclusive schools in Australia. This

research highlights the importance of inclusive school environments and support from teachers and peers in helping children with

disabilities adapt to mainstream educational environments. The findings of this research show that supportive social environments

in schools have a positive impact on the adaptation process of children with disabilities.

Additionally, research in developed countries such as the United States and Europe has also examined various aspects of

disability adaptation within families and social environments. The results of these studies provide valuable insights into factors

influencing disability adaptation, effective strategies in supporting the adaptation process, and policy implications in creating

inclusive environments for individuals with disabilities. By referring to these previous studies, research on the adaptation of

visually impaired disabilities in the environment of the Social Rehabilitation Unit for the Visually Impaired in Malang, Indonesia,

can enrich the understanding of the dynamics of disability adaptation in different social contexts.

4. Phenomenological Study in Social Sciences

In the context of researching the adaptation of visually impaired individuals at the Malang Blind Social Rehabilitation Center,

Alfred Schutz's phenomenological approach offers valuable insights into the experiences and social interactions of visually

impaired individuals. According to Supraja and Akbar [29], Alfred Schutz's phenomenological approach emphasizes the

importance of understanding the construction of meaning beyond the mainstream flow of experiences. Thus, this approach can

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 12

assist researchers in understanding how visually impaired individuals navigate the complexities of adapting within the

rehabilitation center. By comprehending their subjective experiences and meanings, researchers can identify the "typification"

mechanisms used by visually impaired individuals to construct practical understandings and knowledge about their surroundings

[29].

This process of typification also creates what Schutz refers to as a "stock of knowledge" that has practical utility in their

adaptation process. With a structured collection of practical knowledge, visually impaired individuals can more easily confront and

navigate various challenges in their daily lives, including interacting within the social environment of the Malang Blind Social

Rehabilitation Center. Additionally, understanding the construction of meaning and practical knowledge enables visually impaired

individuals to develop more effective adaptation strategies according to their needs and contexts. Thus, Alfred Schutz's

phenomenological approach provides a strong theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of adaptation among visually

impaired individuals in social relations at the rehabilitation center [29].

There are several references from previous studies that have used the phenomenological method in similar research, both in

Indonesia, Asia, and other countries. One example is the research conducted by [36] in Indonesia, which used a phenomenological

approach to understand the adaptation experiences of physically disabled individuals in their daily activities. This research delved

deeply into how physically disabled individuals experience and overcome challenges in adapting to their surroundings.

In Asia, a study by [34] in South Korea also used a phenomenological approach to explore the life experiences of intellectually

disabled individuals. The study aimed to understand how intellectually disabled individuals form identities and overcome social

stigma in their daily lives.

From other countries, research by [33] in the United States is another example of using the phenomenological method to

understand the adaptation experiences of individuals with disabilities. This research highlights the important role of individuals'

subjective experiences in forming a deep understanding of the challenges and adaptation strategies.

The advantage of the phenomenological method in studying disability adaptation lies in its ability to explore the subjective

experiences of individuals in depth and within context. This method allows researchers to understand the meanings individuals

attribute to their experiences and how these meanings shape their adaptation to their environment.

However, there are some limitations to consider in using the phenomenological method. One of them is the inherent

subjectivity in the data analysis process. Because it focuses on individuals' subjective experiences, researchers' interpretations may

be influenced by their own perspectives and personal experiences. Additionally, the phenomenological method tends to require

more time and resources because it involves in-depth data collection and complex analysis. Moreover, using this method may not

be suitable for research aimed at generalizing findings or for cases where individuals' experiences cannot be accessed directly, such

as in the case of visually impaired individuals who rely on their sense of sight.

III. Methodology

The research method employed in this study is qualitative research with a descriptive type. According to Sugiyono [28],

qualitative research is a method used to scientifically examine the conditions of objects, where the researcher serves as the key

instrument in collecting and analyzing data. The qualitative approach allows researchers to gain in-depth understanding of the

phenomenon under study, as it emphasizes meaning and context rather than attempting to make broad generalizations. In

qualitative method, data collection techniques are inductive, meaning researchers collect data directly from the research subjects

and analyze it to discover emerging patterns or themes.

The location of this research is at the Technical Implementation Unit of Social Rehabilitation for the Visually Impaired in

Malang, which is part of the East Java Provincial Social Service. The selection of the research location is based on suitability with

the research objectives, which is to gain in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of adaptation of visually impaired individuals

in social relations within the environment of the Technical Implementation Unit. By conducting research at this location,

researchers can directly interact with participants and gain deeper insights into their experiences and perspectives.

The data collection process in this research involves various techniques, such as participant observation, in-depth interviews,

and document analysis. Participant observation is conducted to directly observe the interactions and activities of visually impaired

individuals in the environment of the Technical Implementation Unit. In-depth interviews are conducted to gain deeper

understanding of their experiences, perceptions, and adaptation strategies. Document analysis is also conducted to obtain additional

information related to policies, programs, or records related to visually impaired individuals at the Technical Implementation Unit.

Furthermore, data analysis in this research is done thematically, where collected data is analyzed to identify patterns or themes

that emerge. This analysis process involves data coding, categorization, and the development of main themes that reflect the

adaptation experiences of visually impaired individuals in social relations at the Social Rehabilitation Unit for the Visually

Impaired in Malang. By using qualitative research method with a descriptive approach, it is expected that this research can provide

deep and contextual understanding of the phenomenon under study and make a meaningful contribution to the development of

policies and more effective intervention practices for visually impaired individuals.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 13

IV. DISCUSSION

1. Adaptation (Self-Adjustment)

Adaptation is a process involving mental and behavioral responses of individuals to achieve harmony and alignment between

themselves and their environment [4]. In the context of visually impaired individuals (both for those who are totally blind and

those with low vision), adaptation becomes a crucial key in facing various challenges encountered in daily life. This process

enables individuals to navigate their surroundings, maintain independence, and build meaningful relationships. Self-adjustment is

an integral part of the adaptation process, where individuals modify themselves according to the environmental conditions,

ensuring they can function effectively despite their impairments. Fromm and Gilmore (as cited in [12]) underline four main aspects

of healthy self-adjustment for individuals with disabilities. One of these aspects is the ability to actively participate in social

communities, which involves engaging with others, forming connections, and contributing to communal activities. Additionally,

they emphasize the importance of demonstrating tolerance, which entails accepting differences and managing frustrations, and

possessing adequate emotional and intellectual maturity, which includes maintaining emotional stability and using cognitive skills

to solve problems and make decisions effectively.

From the excerpts of news provided by the Malang Blind Social Rehabilitation Center (UPT RSBN Malang), testimonials from

several beneficiaries of visually impaired sensory disabilities depict their adaptation abilities in facing the social environment

Suliadi, one of the beneficiaries, mentioned that with the existence of Braille libraries, they can easily expand their knowledge. He

can read and learn new knowledge and increase his information horizon. This demonstrates how they can adapt to their learning

environment through the use of technology that suits their needs. Additionally, testimonials from other beneficiaries, M. Rozy and

Xena Firyatullah Hayurra, show strong social adaptation abilities of visually impaired individuals. Through participation in

activities such as World Braille Day commemorations and financial management workshops, they not only develop new skills [8]

but also demonstrate willingness and capability to actively participate [13] in their socio-cultural and economic lives.

"From now on, I already have a savings account, and the income from massage workshops can be saved for my own business

capital later" (Xena Firyatullah Hayurra, 2024)

"With this service, my friends and I can easily expand our knowledge

The testimonials from visually impaired sensory disability beneficiaries provide a strong illustration of their social adaptation

abilities. They not only manage to overcome challenges encountered in daily life but also actively participate in various activities

that enable them to grow and reach their full potential. This affirms that with proper support from the surrounding environment and

willingness to adapt, visually impaired individuals can create meaningful and productive lives in society.

When associated with Goffman's theory, the concept of stigma sees an attribute leading to social discrimination and negative

judgments against individuals or specific groups. For individuals with disabilities, social stigma can be a significant barrier in their

adaptation process with the social environment. Goffman emphasizes that individuals with stigmatized attributes (found in cases of

individuals with disabilities) often face pressure to hide or manage these attributes to be accepted in society. The adaptation process

for individuals with disabilities can be an effort to overcome this stigma by acquiring social skills and coping strategies that enable

them to interact with the social environment more effectively. For example, in the aforementioned testimonials, visually impaired

individuals take concrete steps to develop new skills such as learning Braille or managing finances, which are adaptation efforts to

enhance their independence and social integration. While Goffman does not specifically discuss the adaptation process of

individuals with disabilities in his work, the concept of stigma and his interactional theory provide a strong foundation for

understanding how social stigma can affect the experiences and adaptation processes of individuals with disabilities in daily life.

Using Alfred Schutz's phenomenological thinking [3], the testimonials from visually impaired disability beneficiaries at UPT

RSBN Malang demonstrate how they experience the social adaptation process in their daily lives. In Schutz's view [29],

individuals like Suliadi, M. Rozy, and Xena Firyatullah Hayurra give meaning to their experiences in facing environmental

challenges and how they adapt to achieve balance between themselves and their social environment. The beneficiaries express how

technologies like Braille libraries help them gain knowledge, and how participation in various activities such as financial

management workshops helps them develop skills and create new opportunities. Schutz would emphasize the importance of

understanding how individual-subjects (such as Xena Firyatullah Hayurra and Suliadi) interpret and give meaning to their

experiences [16] of adaptation in the social environment. This phenomenon, and the ability for the visually impaired persons to

adapt in gaining more information will define on how they adjust their social-cultural life.

Utilize Public Facilities, East Java Provincial Government - UPT RSBN Malang Visits Braille Corner at Malang City Library. Published on

February 2, 2024 https://dinsos.jatimprov.go.id/web/public/berita/13194/show

Commemorating Braille Day, PM Distra East Java Provincial Government - UPT RSBN Malang Dinsos East Java Actively Participates in

BTB Class. Published on January 8, 2024. https://dinsos.jatimprov.go.id/web/public/berita/12626/show

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 14

2. Adjustment of Visually Impaired Individuals

Simanjuntak [24] states that visually impaired individuals interact with the outside world using symbols that have been given

meaning. Symbols agreed upon with other visually impaired individuals, such as Braille letters, reglets, styluses, long canes,

talking books, and screen readers. Each visually impaired individual first responds to all the symbols that have been given meaning

resulting from interaction, then visually impaired individuals can assess themselves based on their inner world and self-assessment

through relationships and social activities. In this regard, social interaction depends on how the environment interacts with them.

A visually impaired child, when asked about the freedom given in the UPT, responded: "My parents and the staff at the UPT

give me the freedom to choose my life goals and my social interactions. Sometimes my parents provide facilities for me to

socialize with peers, and the most important thing from my parents is that they often motivate me. So, there is no reason for me to

give up...". From this answer, it is apparent that as a person with a disability, what is most needed is facilities, both personally

owned and publicly provided by the government or related institutions, to perform an action. Motivation from close people can

also foster strength and spirit in a person with a disability [18].

In the context of this statement, it is evident that this disabled individual experiences positive support from their environment.

However, stigma may still exist in society towards people with disabilities [11], although not directly mentioned in the statement.

Goffman mentions that individuals with disabilities are often regarded as "the discredited" (who have stigmatized attributes) or

"the discreditable" (who may conceal their stigmatized attributes) [9]. In this case, parents and UPT staff provide support to

overcome this stigma by granting freedom and motivation [19] to the disabled individual.

When asked about their response to new people, the answer is: "When adjusting to new people, there is usually confusion

because I don't know them well or vice versa. Sometimes when confused, I wonder what this person is like? But once I get to know

them, it's just fun, laughing, teasing, even some confide in me. Then, I am someone who pretends to know someone well, so

usually when there are new people, I just chat with them, just go with the flow…". From this, it can be concluded that intellectual,

social, emotional maturity, and personal responsibility need to be possessed by people with disabilities, so they can easily adapt

[18].

This second statement can be analyzed using Goffman's stigma concept. Although there may be initial uncertainty when

meeting new people, the individual then demonstrates the ability to interact socially and overcome any stigma that may exist.

Goffman shows that individuals with disabilities can use social strategies to overcome stigma [11], such as choosing to disclose or

conceal their disabilities [7], and striving to build positive relationships with others [20].

Using Alfred Schutz's phenomenological approach [3], a visually impaired child expresses their positive experience of the

support provided by parents and staff at the UPT, including the freedom to choose their life goals and the motivation given. Schutz

always emphasizes the importance of understanding how disabled individuals give meaning to their experiences in receiving

positive support and motivation from their surrounding environment. Furthermore, the statement also highlights how disabled

individuals cope with confusion and adjustment to new people in their environment. Schutz also emphasizes how these individual-

subjects construct their social relationships, face uncertainty, and adapt in ways they find suitable in interacting with new people

[16]. This shows how intellectual, social, emotional, and personal responsibility of disabled individuals play a crucial role in their

social adaptation process.

3. Attitudes of Society Towards Visually Impaired Disabilities

The government, as policymakers, need to pay more attention to formulating policies to protect the rights of visually impaired

individuals, building facilities, providing job opportunities, and fostering public perception that visually impaired individuals, like

any other humans, deserve fair treatment. Moreover, discriminatory actions towards visually impaired individuals should be

avoided as they result in injustice and suffering. Therefore, it is advisable to understand how we should behave towards visually

impaired individuals, including [18]:

a. Building awareness that visually impaired individuals are ordinary humans like normal individuals, but due to certain

circumstances (genetic or accident-related), their situation is less fortunate than normal humans.

b. Cultivating patience and tolerance in interacting with visually impaired individuals.

c. Building enthusiasm and giving praise to visually impaired individuals. This is to motivate visually impaired individuals to

continue doing their best in positive activities.

d. Treating visually impaired individuals fairly can foster self-confidence.

e. Maintaining a positive attitude and providing guidance and direction to visually impaired individuals to engage in positive

activities.

In other countries, the handling of visually impaired individuals is done systematically and professionally by government-

supported institutions. In the United States, the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and the National Federation of the Blind

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 15

(NFB) are the two main organizations focusing on the handling and advocacy of blind individuals ([32] and [2]). AFB provides

educational resources, job training, advocacy, and information for blind individuals, while NFB focuses on empowerment and

advocacy [22]. In Europe, the European Blind Union (EBU) and the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) in the UK are

important actors in improving the quality of life and rights of blind individuals [10]. In Asia, the Japan Federation of the Blind

(JFB) in Japan [30] and the Indonesian Association of Visually Impaired People (PERTUNI) in Indonesia [5] are active in

providing education, job training, social support, and advocacy. Through these programs, visually impaired individuals are

expected to gain better accessibility, education, and social support and advocacy for their rights.

V. Conclusions

The conclusion drawn from the summary is that adaptation and self-adjustment are crucial aspects of the lives of visually

impaired individuals. In facing daily challenges, the ability to adapt is key to achieving harmony with the surrounding

environment. Through active participation in social communities, tolerance, and the development of emotional and intellectual

skills, visually impaired individuals can overcome social stigma and gain the necessary support from their environment.

Testimonials from beneficiaries of programs for visually impaired individuals also demonstrate their strong social adaptation skills,

enabling them to participate in various activities and achieve their full potential. Furthermore, the importance of the government's

role in protecting the rights of visually impaired individuals, building facilities, and raising awareness in society about the need for

fair treatment is emphasized. Programs for handling visually impaired individuals in other countries, such as the United States,

Europe, and Asia, show efforts that have been made to provide support and advocacy for visually impaired individuals, with the

hope that they can have better accessibility, better education, and adequate social support and advocacy for a meaningful and

productive life in society.

References

1. American Foundation for the Blind. (n.d.). Low Vision and Legal Blindness Terms and Descriptions retrieved from

https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/eye-conditions/low-vision-and-legal-blindness-terms-and-descriptions

2. Amato, S. (2002). Standards for Competence in Braille Literacy Skills in Teacher Preparation Programs. Journal of Visual

Impairment & Blindness. Vol 96, No. 3: 143-153.

3. Amini, N.U. (2022). Motives and Meanings of Volunteers as Therapeutic Communication Actors (Phenomenological Study

on Volunteer Motives as Therapeutic Communication Actors through the Method of Compassion in the Mental Disability

Foundation Mentari Hati Tasikmalaya). MHC Journal of Mental Health Concerns, Volume 1, No. 2, October 2022: 51-57

4. Agustiani, H. (2006). Developmental Psychology: Ecological Approach Related to Self-Concept and Adaptation in

Adolescents. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama

5. Alfarizi, E., and Pribadi, F. (2023). The Role of Empowerment in Developing the Self-Quality of the Visually Impaired, Case

Study Results of the Construction of the Accounts @Be.Myfriends and @Pertuni_Dpp. Journal of Community

Empowerment, Al Azhar University Indonesia p-ISSN: 2655-6227, Vol. 05, Number 02, April 2023 e-ISSN: 2656-8144

6. Astarida, M.Z., & Hasan, Z. (2021). Implementation of Laws Number 8 of 2016 Concerning Disabilities Persons in Bandar

Lampung City in 2022. ACTIVA YURIS: Jurnal Hukum. Volume 1 Nomor 2 August 2021. ISSN: 2549-2608 (Online). DOI:

https://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v53i1.24127

7. Bachfischer A., Barbosa, M.C., Rojas, A.B.R., Bechler, R., Schwienhorst‑Stich, E., Kasang, C., Simmenroth, A., and Parisi,

S. (2023). Implementing community based inclusive development for people with disability in Latin America: a mixed

methods perspective on prioritized needs and lessons learned. International Journal for Equity in Health (2023) 22:147.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-01966-8

8. Chen, S., Huang, Q., Liu, Z., dan Wang, H. (2021). Inclusion of Young Children with Special Needs in Early Childhood

Education in the United States：Advantages and Disadvantages. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities

Research, Vol. 631

9. Chaudoir, S. Earnshaw, V.A., and Andel, S. (2013). “Discredited” Versus “Discreditable”: Understanding How Shared and

Unique Stigma Mechanisms Affect Psychological and Physical Health Disparities. Basic Appl Soc Psych. 2013 January 1;

35(1): 75–87. doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.746612.

10. Cooper, B., and Lawson, A. (2015). Personal Mobility Rights of Blind and Partially Sighted People in Europe: An Analysis of

15 Countries. EBU – The Voice of Blind and Partially Sighted People in Europe. European Blind Union November 2015

11. Daley, A., Phipps, S., dan Branscombe, N, R. (2018). The social complexities of disability: Discrimination, belonging and life

satisfaction among Canadian youth. SSM - Population Health. Volume 5, August 2018, Pages 55-63

12. Desmita. (2009). Developmental Psychology. Bandung: Teenager Rosdakarya.

13. Furaida, L., Karsidi, R., Kartono, D.T., and Anantanyu, S. (2023). Promoting Disability Community in Supporting Inclusion

Development: A Preliminary Study. ICOMSI 2022, ASSEHR 751, pp. 204–210, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-

072-5_21

14. Goffman, E. (1963). STIGMA: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Penguin Books. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1963.

15. Gomes, G., Marchezini, V., and Sato, M. (2022). (In)visibilities About the Vulnerabilities of People with Visual Impairments

to Disasters and Climate Change: A Case Study in Cuiaba´, Brazil. Int J Disaster Risk Sci (2022) 13:38–51

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue V, May 2024

www.ijltemas.in Page 16

16. Gumelar, G., Hafiar, H, and Subekti, P. (2018). Indonesian Sign Language as Deaf Culture Through the Interpretation of

Members of the Movement for the Welfare of the Deaf. INFORMATION: Communication Science Studies - ISSN (p) 0126-

0650; ISSN (e) 2502-3837. Vol. 48, No. 1 (2018), pp.65-78

17. Gutiérrez-Sibaja, A. (2017). Abnormality and Stigmatization in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting. InterSedes vol.18 n.38.

http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/isucr.v18i38.32665

18. Idaini, M. W. (2021). Social Interaction of the Visually Impaired. Indonesian Journal of Education, Vol. 2 No. 2 February

2021.

19. Jeremiah, A.N., and Abuga, I. (2021). Influence of Inclusive Programs of People with Disabilities on Community

Development in Bungoma North Sub County. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 34(12): 65-77, 2021;

Article no.JESBS.78153. ISSN: 2456-981X

20. Khalid, A., Ashraf, S., dan Aleem, A. (2022). Social Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities into Mainstream Society: Using

the Community Care Context. Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) Vol. 5, (4) 2022, 509 – 518

21. Kim, Y. (2021). The effects of social support on public and personal stigma, and attitudes toward seeking mental health

treatment among college students. HNMR Vol. 5 No. 1 2021, 121-146

22. National Federation of the Blind. (2009). The Braille Literacy Crisis in America: Facing the Truth, Reversing the Trend,

Empowering the Blind. A Report to the Nation by the National Federation of the Blind Lernigan Institute.

23. Pérez-Garín, D., Recio, P., Molero, F. (2021). Consequences of Perceived Personal and Group Discrimination Against People

with Hearing and Visual Impairments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9064.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179064

24. Simanjuntak, F. (2016). Phenomenological Study on the Self-Concept of Visually Impaired Individuals in the Context of

Interpersonal Communication at the Wyata Guna Blind Social Care Home (PSBN) in Bandung. e-Proceeding of

Management: Vol. 3, No.2, August 2016.

25. Situmorang, A. A. C., & Kusuma, W. (2023). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Efforts to Fulfill Human

Rights for Disabled Workers? Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law, 4(2), 165-199.

https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v4i2.23674

26. Soemantri, S. (2006). Exceptional Psychology. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.

27. Sudiyono. (2009). Islamic Education Science. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

28. Sugiyono. (2009). Quantitative Qualitative and R&D Research Methods. Bandung: PT. Alfabeta.

29. Supraja, M., and Al Akbar, N. (2020). Alfred Schutz, Phenomenology Mainstreaming in the Tradition of Social Science.

Gadjahmada University Press. Yogyakarta.

30. Tamura N, Sasai-Sakuma T, Morita Y, Okawa M, Inoue S, Inoue Y. (2016) A nationwide cross-sectional survey of sleep-

related problems in Japanese visually impaired patients: prevalence and association with health-related quality of life. J Clin

Sleep Med 2016;12(12):1659–1667.

31. Thohari, S. (2014). Perspectives on Disability and Accessibility of Public Facilities for People with Disabilities in Malang

City. IJDS (Indonesia Journal of Disability Studies), Vol. 1, No. 1.

32. Traber, T. (2020). Comprehensive Resources for the Visually Impaired in the Greater Houston Area. University of Alabama at

Birmingham.

33. Smith, Jonathan & Osborn. (2008). Doing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. 10.1002/9780470776278. Ch10.

34. Kim, H. Y. (2017). A Phenomenological Approach to the Korean “We”: A Study in Social Intentionality. Frontiers of

Philosophy in China, 12(4),612–632. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571924

35. Green, V.& Sigafoos, J& Pituch, K.& Itchon, Jonathan & OReilly, Mark & Lancioni, G.. (2006). Assessing Behavioral

Flexibility in Individuals With Developmental Disabilities. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities - FOCUS

AUTISM DEV DISABIL. 21. 230-236. 10.1177/10883576060210040401.

36. Adi, B. E., Karini, S.M., and Anggarani. (2021) Phenomenology Study: Hardiness of Visually Impaired Enterpreneur Adult

Women. Wacana. Vol. 13. No. 1, January 2021

37. Saputri, A.E., Raharjo, S.T., and Apsari. (2019). Family Social Support for Person with Censoric Disability. Proceeding

Research and Community Development. Vol. 6, No. 1.April 2019

38. https://dinsos.jatimprov.go.id/web/public/profil/19