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Advancing Green Communications: The Role of Radio Frequency

Engineering in Sustainable Infrastructure Design

Damilare Samson Olaleye., Abiodun Charles Oloye., Akinkunle Olanrewaju Akinloye,

Oladayo Tosin

Akinwande

Veritas

University, Nigeria

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130511

Received: 15 April 2024; Revised: 09 May 2024 Accepted: 17 May 2024; Published: 11 June 2024

Corresponding author

Abstract: A thorough examination of the role of radio frequency (RF) engineering is crucial for promoting sustainability in

communications infrastructure. This review explores the complex interplay between environmental concerns in communication

systems and RF engineering. It examines RF engineering approaches and strategies that support the design, implementation, and

preservation of environmentally friendly infrastructure, including the integration of renewable energy sources into RF systems,

and the prospects and challenges associated with employing RF technologies for fostering sustainable actions in the

communications industry. The major findings revealed the importance of RF engineering as it relates to reducing carbon

footprints, lowering energy consumption, and enabling environmental sustainability in communication networks. RF engineering

is an essential driver of sustainability in the communications industry, considering that it supports the integration of renewable

energy sources, optimization of power usage, and improvement of spectrum efficiency. Therefore, the adoption of eco-friendly

practices and utilization of RF technological innovations can potentially support a more sustainable and greener digital

ecosystem.

Keywords: radio frequency technology, eco-friendly communications, sustainable infrastructure, energy efficiency, system

optimization

I. Introduction

The emergence of linked devices and the rising demand for communication services worldwide have made the management of

the electromagnetic spectrum extremely difficult across the communication sectors. Growth trends in connectivity and

digitalization are the main causes of the increase in frequency demand, and these sectors require sustainable infrastructure design

and effective spectrum utilization (Wu et al., 2018; Onidare et al., 2023).

In advanced metering infrastructures, the environmental effects of power lines and conventional communication technologies

generate a considerable amount of carbon emissions and environmental damage since they mostly rely on energy sources derived

from fossil fuels and poor infrastructure (Shen et al., 2023). These environmental issues remain detrimental to the exponential rise

in data traffic prompted by recent advances in technologies including the Internet of Things and therefore, highlight the

significance of sustainable practices in communication systems (Ons Ben Rhouma et al., 2023).

According to the Global Connectivity Report (2022) by the International Telecommunication Union, the number of global

cellular subscriptions exceeded 9 billion in 2022. Future predictions by the United Nations (UN, 2017) revealed that the global

population will be about 9.8 billion by 2050. Therefore, an increase in global cellular subscriptions is expected in the coming

years. Within the ecosystem of telecommunications, emissions occur over the whole network product lifespan, and the UN panel

on climate change is targeted to limit the increase in global temperature to 1.5

C and to maintain it well below 2

C relative to

preindustrial levels (IPCC, 2018). Ensuring emissions decrease dramatically by 2030 and are eradicated by 2050.

The universal surge in connectivity reflects the tremendous pressure on the spectrum management process as well as an

unprecedented level of demand on the available frequency bands, which is due to the expansion of connected devices and

applications. Furthermore, this necessitates environmental conversation, natural usage, and green urban design, among others for

a productive economy at both local and global levels (Yang et al., 2021).

Similarly, the primary drivers of this increase in frequency demand are the development trends in point-to-point, broadcasting,

and mobile communications, all of which require effective spectrum utilization (Sil & Chatterjee, 2023). Certain regions

concentrate on fixed lines for point-to-point communications in locations with inadequate ground-based infrastructure or difficult

terrain. However, developed economies are experiencing an increase in mobile communications, both terrestrial and satellite, as

well as in sound and television broadcasts (Wu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2023). In the same way, for technologies to thrive and

environmental sustainability to be ensured, green communications must be improved and environmentally friendly infrastructure

design must be encouraged.

Radiofrequency (RF) engineering is a major driver in improving green communications and encouraging environmentally

friendly infrastructure design (Yaacoub & Alouini, 2020). Green communications, referred to as eco-friendly or sustainable

communications, is the process of designing, implementing, and operating communication systems with minimal negative

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influence on the environment (Haja Moinudeen et al., 2020). These systems utilize less energy, produce fewer carbon footprints,

and support environmental sustainability. In addition, it comprises a broad range of strategies and technologies including wireless

networks, satellite communication, and broadcasting, targeted at decreasing the consumption of energy, optimizing resource

utilization, and preventing carbon emissions throughout the lifecycle of communication networks (Safitra et al., 2023). However,

the detrimental impacts of power lines and sophisticated metering infrastructures emphasize how crucial sustainable practices are

in communication networks.

Generally, communication infrastructure may be rendered more sustainable by utilizing RF engineering concepts such as power

efficiency, spectrum management, and interference reduction (Kumar et al., 2023). To address this issue and maintain the smooth

operation of wireless communication systems in the context of increasing frequency demands, creative solutions to spectrum

allocation, utilization, and distribution are essential. Furthermore, to control the rising frequency of demand and reduce the

negative environmental effects of communication technology, environmentally friendly infrastructure design is essential.

Therefore, to improve green communications, this review will examine the intricate interactions that exist between RF

engineering and environmental issues in communication systems.

II. Overview of Green Communication Technologies

The evolution and progress of the modern world have contributed to an extensive amount of attention to green technologies.

Green technologies are effective approaches for lessening the environmental effect of information and communication technology

infrastructure. However, as communication technology advances, industries and researchers are concentrating on making this

communication more environmentally friendly (Agboola et al., 2023). According to Péter Sasvári (2010), the majority of tasks in

the actual world are managed by computers and other machinery, that allow the development of information and communication

technology.

Key components of green communication technologies include energy-efficient network equipment, renewable energy

integration, smart power management systems, and eco-friendly network design methodologies (Debbarma & Chandrasekaran,

2016; Safitra et al., 2024). Green communication technologies are innovations aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of

communication networks while maintaining or improving performance and reliability. These technologies focus on optimizing

energy efficiency, minimizing carbon emissions, and promoting sustainable practices throughout the lifecycle of communication

systems.

Fundamentally, green communications are targeted at reducing the negative effects that communication networks have on the

environment by implementing eco-friendly procedures. Cornelius & Atang, (2023) revealed that reducing energy use, cutting

carbon emissions, preserving natural resources, and lessening environmental contaminations are the main goals of green

communications. Therefore, organizations seek to strike a balance between environmental stewardship and technical innovation

by putting green communication ideas into practice, which will ensure the long-term sustainability of communication

infrastructure.

a. Barriers and Considerable Factors in Communication Network Sustainability

The study by Kumar et al., (2023) highlighted that communication network sustainability is challenging and complex. The study

further revealed that energy consumption, carbon footprint, security, scalability, and network complexity are the major problems

encountered across the communication sector.

One of the primary concerns as wireless communication develops is the potential increase in the energy efficiency of networks as

they expand to accommodate massive numbers of devices and greater data rates. Consequently, research must focus on

developing energy-efficient technologies that can continuously improve the network so as to overcome this barrier (Ameur et al.,

2017). Adaptive modulation, intelligent sleep modes, dynamic power allocation, and other strategies can help optimize energy use

based on device requirements and network demand. In this regard, a network architecture that incorporates renewable energy

sources like wind and solar might support sustainable scalability.

Particularly, one of the challenges of green communication systems is network slicing, which enables the coexistence of several

virtual networks on a single physical infrastructure. Kumar et al., (2023) highlighted that the problem is in dynamically

distributing resources while reducing energy usage and carbon emissions among various slices. However, AI-driven algorithm

investigations that strategically distribute resources across several slices according to current demand and energy-saving

standards are a potentially sustainable approach.

Effective communication infrastructure, radio networks, and energy conservation depend on optimizing spectrum utilization and

this poses a challenge in the area of spectrum management (Nandakumar et al., 2019). Consequently, dynamic spectrum

management strategies like cognitive radio and spectrum sharing can dynamically distribute spectrum based on demand (Song et

al., 2012). In this regard, cognitive radio systems allow devices to choose and use the available spectrum intelligently, which

lowers interference and energy usage. Thus, leading to a more sustainable use of spectrum.

Furthermore, Kumar et al., (2023) stated that to fully evaluate the environmental impact of communications technology, it is

necessary to take into account the lifecycle of infrastructure components, from the extraction of raw materials through production,

utilization, and disposal. This is vital to effectively manage the challenges associated with lifecycle carbon emissions. However,

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to estimate the carbon footprint and to reduce environmental effects, the development of environmentally friendly options,

effective recycling procedures, and conscientious disposal techniques is vital.

b. Benefits of Green Communication Strategies

Green communication technologies offer several advantages, including economic savings, through the utilization of less energy,

and environmental benefits encompassing waste reduction by encouraging environmental sustainability and lowering carbon

footprint. The purpose of the emerging field of green communications is to create and apply communication technologies that are

economical, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly (Kulkarni et al., 2020). Thus, achieving sustainable development

goals and lowering the carbon footprint of communication networks depend on green communications. Previous research has

stated that the main goals of green communications are focused on a reduction in energy consumption, and carbon emissions, and

the enhancement of environmental sustainability.

i. Reduce Energy Consumption

According to Adimoolam et al., (2020), effective streamlining of hardware and software, putting in place energy-efficient

protocols, and utilizing power-saving measures enable green communication technologies to reduce the energy consumption of

communication networks. Energy efficiency is a critical component of mobile sustainability as it affects the financial and

environmental elements of cellular networks (Jahid et al., 2020). This increasing number of stations makes up a high percentage

of the total energy consumed, resulting in higher electricity costs and an increase in operational expenditure. Optimizing base

station energy usage through effective hardware design and power management strategies becomes crucial to boosting energy

efficiency. The study further revealed that it is imperative to consider the energy-saving features that can be implemented, such as

sleep modes, dynamic power scaling, and improved power amplifiers together with renewable energy sources and energy-

efficient practices that are promoted in network infrastructure (Wu et al., 2015; Israr et al., 2020).

ii. Minimize Carbon Emissions

Green communication techniques that minimize energy use and align with clean and renewable energy sources tend to lessen the

carbon footprint of communication networks to mitigate climate change and environmental damage. This is done by cutting

energy use and switching to renewable energy sources (Despins et al., 2011).

The carbon footprint of communications infrastructure can be reduced by employing approaches that minimize energy use and

align with clean and renewable energy sources (Hu et al., 2020). In addition, they support longer device lifespans, reduce

electronic waste, and support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, especially those that deal with

clean energy, climate action, and responsible consumption. Through this, new power management techniques create a more

responsible and environmentally sustainable path for the communication ecosystem while simultaneously actively enhancing

efficiency.

iii. Enhance Environmental Sustainability

Integrating eco-friendly practices and technology into the design, deployment, and operation of communication infrastructure is

the objective of green communications, which aims to promote environmental sustainability (Safitra et al., 2024; Almalki et al.,

2021). Similarly, it involves the integration and utilization of eco-friendly components for the design and production of

connections and infrastructure needed to enable eco-sustainability. An increasing number of businesses, including telecoms, are

realizing how critical it is to adopt sustainable practices in light of the worldwide concern over the effects of technology on the

environment and the pressing need to address climate change. Considering the use of recycled or recyclable materials, such as

sustainable plastics or metals, to minimize waste generation and promote a circular economy, can significantly reduce the

environmental footprint of networks and connectivity, as they will require the deployment of a large number of base stations,

antennas, and other network infrastructure components (Kumar et al., 2023). Energy consumption during operation can be

decreased by using environmentally friendly materials in the design and manufacturing of network components, thereby

achieving total energy efficiency targets, as well as waste reduction, optimal energy use, and greener production of components.

The characteristics of eco-friendly components are listed in Table 1.

iv. Promote Resource Conservation

Throughout the lifecycle of communication systems, green communications emphasize the economical use of resources,

including spectrum, bandwidth, and materials, to reduce waste and increase sustainability (Mousavi et al., 2023).

Table 1. Some characteristics of eco-friendly components

Components

Eco-friendly materials

Advantages

Examples

Base stations

Sustainable metals

Minimizes resource depletion

Antenna supports made from

sustainably sourced metals

Antennas

Materials sourced

responsibly

Supports sustainable material

extraction

Antenna reflectors made from

responsibly sourced materials

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Network

Infrastructure

Sustainable insulation

materials with low-

emission

Reduces carbon footprint and

minimizes environmental

impact during production and

disposal

Cables with low-emission

materials and insulation made

from sustainable materials, for

reduced environmental impact

Production

processes

Energy optimization

and waste reduction

measures for cleaner

production techniques

Reduces energy consumption

during production, minimizes

waste generation and landfill

usage, and minimizes

environmental pollutants

Use of energy-efficient

equipment and processes and

Implementation of lean

manufacturing principles

End-user

devices

Energy-efficient

components

Reduces power consumption

and carbon emissions

Energy-efficient processors and

display panels

III. Radio Frequency (RF) Engineering in Green Communications

Green communications, which seek to minimize the carbon footprint of communication networks and reduce energy usage, are

made possible in large part by RF engineering (Cornelius & Atang Bulus Azi, 2023). RF engineering is the design, development,

and management of RF systems, such as radar, wireless communication networks, and RF identification systems (RFID).

According to Kulkarni et al., (2020), RF engineering plays a critical role in improving green communications by optimizing the

design, implementation, and operation of efficient communication systems.

The role of RF engineering is to enhance the effectiveness, dependability, and ecological sustainability of RF communication

networks by the use of various methods, strategies, and technologies. In light of this, RF engineering creates an environmentally

friendly communication infrastructure that satisfies the rising demand for connectivity while reducing its negative effects on the

environment. This includes spectrum management, antenna design, power optimization, and the integration of renewable energy

sources (Sidhu et al., 2019). Multiple bands of frequencies can be assigned for communication within each frequency range.

Table 2 presents a summary of the properties and uses of radio frequency.

Table 2. Classifications and features of RF bands (Ugweje, 2004)

Frequency

band

Frequency

range

Propagation

characteristics





Use

Very low

frequency

(VLF)

< 30 kHz

Day and nighttime low

attenuation and high

atmospheric noise level

Long

High

Long

Home control systems,

powerlines, baseband

signals, navigation, and

underwater

communication

Low

frequency

(LF)

30 – 300 kHz

slightly less dependable

than VLF; during the

day, absorption

Radio beacons, marine

communication, and long-

range navigation

Medium

frequency

(MF)

0.3 - 3 MHz

Noise level in the

atmosphere: low at

night, high during the

day

Direction finding, AM

transmission, and

maritime radio

High

frequency

(HF)

3.0 - 30 MHz

radiation of

omnidirectional energy,

the quality of which

varies according to the

day, season, frequency,

and solar activity

Global transmission,

military correspondence,

and long-range aircraft

and vessel communication

Very high

frequency

(VHF)

30 - 300 MHz

Cosmic noise, direct and

ground waves, and

antenna design are

important.

Short

Low

Short

Navigational assistance,

VHF TV, FM broadcast,

two-way radio, and AM

aircraft communication

Ultra-high

frequency

(UHF)

0.3 - 3 GHz

Line-of-sight (LOS);

further distances are

covered via repeaters;

cosmic sounds

Personal communications

services, microwave links,

cellular phones, UHF TV,

and radar

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Super high

frequency

(SHF)

3.0 - 30 GHz

LOS; atmospheric

attenuation from water

vapour, oxygen, and

rain (>10 GHz)

Wireless local loop,

terrestrial microwave,

satellite, and radar

communication

Extremely

high

frequency

(EHF)

30 – 300 GHz

LOS, millimetre wave,

atmospheric attenuation

from water vapour, rain,

and oxygen

Wireless local loop

experiment

a. RF-Based Systems

According to Ugweje (2004), six categories such as microwave RF systems, fixed and mobile satellite systems, wireless networks

and protocols, personal communication systems, remote sensing systems, and new wireless technologies are depicted in Figure 1.

This classification does not distinguish between protocols and communication layers. These devices send and receive radio waves

that are tuned to particular frequency bands. The study further highlighted that the term "microwave" refers broadly to all RFs

that fall between 1 and 40 GHz. The UHF, SHF, and EHF systems are included in this. While satellite communications use the

higher microwave frequencies (SHF and EHF), terrestrial-based radio frequency systems typically employ the lower microwave

frequencies (UHF). A transmitting antenna sends precisely targeted radio wave beams to a receiving antenna in a terrestrial

microwave system. With a typical relay tower distance of 30 miles apart, a terrestrial microwave system communicates between

the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) via line-of-sight (LOS) propagation.

Figure 1. RF-based wireless communication configurations (Ugweje, 2004)

b. Sustainable Infrastructure Development and Green Communications

The social, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability are all included in its concept. For infrastructures to thrive in

the long run, it is important to invest a large number of resources to enhance performance with regard to each of these

sustainability factors. It is essential to take into account fundamental aspects that have a substantial impact on design to develop

and implement a common framework for sustainable communication (Kumar et al., 2023).

The creation of an ecologically sustainable telecommunications sector that minimizes its carbon footprint and lessens its overall

impact on the environment is highly prioritized. The growing demand for data and the expansion of digital connectivity make it

imperative to address the environmental issues brought on by the expansion of telecommunications infrastructure (Wang et al.,

2021). One of the most important ways to lower communication network energy consumption and environmental effects is

through the use of green base stations and antennas. It also emphasizes the significance of cloud computing technologies and

energy-efficient data centers. The backbone of the contemporary telecommunications network is the data center, which can have

substantial energy requirements. Adopting energy-efficient techniques, such as virtualization and effective cooling systems, can

help data centers minimize their environmental impact and lower their power consumption. Additionally, using renewable energy

sources for data centers can help create a network ecosystem that is more environmentally friendly and sustainable.

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i. Green base stations

Kumar et al., (2023) further revealed that green Base Stations represent the creation and application of ecologically responsible

and energy-efficient infrastructure elements. These elements are essential to lowering energy usage, cutting carbon emissions, and

advancing sustainability in the communications sector since the energy-intensive nature of traditional wireless network base

stations and antennas contributes significantly to carbon emissions. Green base stations are designed to maximize energy use

without sacrificing network efficiency. They include cutting-edge technology: energy-efficient RF components, intelligent power

amplifiers, and dynamic power management.

Figure 2. Layout of green base stations (Kumar et al., 2023)

These developments contribute to significant energy savings by lowering power usage during times when network traffic is low

and dynamically adjusting power levels in response to demand. The general architecture of green base stations is shown in Figure

2. Utilizing renewable energy sources, optimizing power use, and implementing energy-efficient technology all contribute to

developing a more environmentally friendly and sustainable telecoms ecosystem.

ii. Sustainable Materials for System Components

An increasing number of businesses, including telecoms, are realizing how critical it is to adopt sustainable practices in light of

the worldwide concern over the effects of technology on the environment and the pressing need to address climate change. The

adoption of eco-friendly materials for network components revolves around the design and production of various network

components and infrastructure needed for connectivity, with an emphasis on the utilization of low-impact and environmentally

sustainable materials (Table 1).

IV. Future Directions and Limitations

Future developments in RF engineering and green communications have enormous potential to improve sustainability and lessen

environmental impact as the communications sector expands. Recent advances in RF engineering are propelling the design of

sustainable infrastructure while emerging trends and technologies are reshaping the field of green communications.

According to previous research, green communications are faced with issues including secure power optimization, energy-

efficient communication equipment, and modernizing communication technology, necessitating the effective utilization of

wireless network resources (Cornelius & Atang Bulus Azi, 2023; Adimoolam et al., 2020; Kulkarni et al., 2020). However, in

addition to these challenges, Hamdi et al., (2020) and Zidar et al., (2024) suggested certain potential advancements such as

adopting lower equipment power designs, optimizing circuit design, improving heat dispersion, and compressing the embedded

level of chipsets and optical-electronic systems that can significantly reduce energy usage.

The development and application of green RF technologies are hindered by the scarcity of energy-efficient components and the

high cost of integrating renewable energy. This is in addition to regulatory restrictions within organizations, in which difficulty

may arise in complying with regulations, licensing limits on the use of spectrum, and other requirements that could allow

difficulty in the adoption of novel green communication solutions as well as the reduction in economic competitiveness (Wang,

Li, & Liu, 2023). Additionally, inadequate compatibility may arise due to the use of outdated facilities and connectivity

challenges that may cause hindrances in the development and utilization of green radio technologies. Asadi et al., (2016) stated

that resistance to change, an inadequate knowledge of green communication technology among end users and decision-makers,

and a lack of awareness of its environmental benefits could all hinder market acceptability and adoption.

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V. Conclusion

RF engineering plays a vital role by contributing to the design, implementation, and management of sustainable infrastructure to

ultimately promote sustainability within communication networks. The review highlights the noteworthy benefits of employing

green communication techniques in terms of limiting energy usage, increasing conservation efforts, and reducing carbon

emissions. Therefore, organizations can optimize power usage, improve spectrum efficiency, and incorporate renewable energy

sources to attain better sustainability in communication networks by utilizing RF engineering techniques and procedures.

In addition, it is critical to understand the difficulties, obstacles, and factors involved in advancing green communications and the

development of sustainable infrastructure. To overcome challenges and achieve the full potential of green communication

projects, a variety of variables must be properly addressed, ranging from technological limitations and legal difficulties to

economic feasibility and stakeholder engagement. However, it's critical to understand the constraints and compromises associated

with developing sustainable infrastructure. Resolving the complicated and continuous task of balancing the need for technological

innovation with social concerns, economic viability, and environmental responsibility necessitates collaboration and innovation.

Therefore, through the adoption of environmentally conscious actions, the utilization of RF engineering, and addressing emerging

obstacles and possibilities, a digital ecosystem that is more sustainable and greener can potentially be developed. RF engineering

and green communication networks are essential elements of sustainable infrastructure design. Emerging technologies in these

fields have the potential to reduce energy use and protect the environment. Therefore, to overcome these obstacles and facilitate

the shift to a more sustainable communication infrastructure, additional study and development are required.

Authors Contributions

This research was a collaborative effort by all authors. Specifically:

 Damilare Samson Olaleye conceived the research idea of applying radio frequency engineering to sustainable

infrastructure design, did the literature review and wrote the introduction sections.

 Abiodun Charles Oloye contributed expertise in radio frequency engineering and wrote the section on radio frequency

engineering in green communicatios.

 Akinkunle Olanrewaju Akinloye

provided knowledge on the theoretical framework for green communications and also

provided the future directions and limitations of green communications.

 Oladayo Tosin Akinwande collaborated on the writing and editing of the manuscript, ensuring clarity, and wrote the

conclusion sections.

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Authors' information

1. Damilare Samson Olaleye is a skilled wireless communications professional with expertise in RF engineering and

network optimization. dedicated to building and enhancing high-performing wireless networks. strongly focus on

network performance, specializing in RF optimization, parameter definition, drive testing, and capacity planning. My

proficiency extends to GIS performance analysis, frequency coordination, and signal interference mitigation.

2. Abiodun Charles Oloye career spans highly accomplished and process-driven professional with over 20+ years of

international experience in project and programme management. Adept in supporting large-scale projects, coordinating

regional operations, and spearheading maintenance activities and delivered green energy solutions within the

telecommunications industry. Proficient in performing forensic analysis and risk assessments to identify vulnerabilities

and develop security strategies.

3. Akinkunle Olanrewaju Akinloye is highly accomplished and process-driven professional with over 13 years

of experience in network security, network operations, network design and cloud computing. Skilled in driving

organisational security initiatives and employing robust network security measures. Strong background in ensuring

compliance with industry regulations and applying best practices to safeguard critical data and information systems

4. Oladayo Tosin Akinwande is an Assistant lecturer in Software Engineering department of Veritas University, Abuja.

He is currently pursuing his Ph. D in Computer Science specialising in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). He

Holds a Master’s degree in Computer Science and Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science, both from Federal

University of Technology, Minna. He is an experienced, competent and well-trained researcher in the fields relating to

computing with expertise in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. He is a member of Nigeria Computer Society

(NCS).