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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIII, Issue VII, July 2024

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Assessing the Efficiency of Contemporary Cybersecurity Protocols

in Nigeria

Oyetunde Christian Oyedeji.,

Mubarak A Moronkunbi.,

Adebayo Adeyinka Victor.,

Popoola Olusegun Victor

BlueSky Citadel 193 Crayford Rd. London

MuVio Solutions Ltd, Old Lagos Road Ibadan Oyo state Nigeria.

Electrical Department, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130707

Received: 09 June 2024; Revised: 28 June 2024; Accepted: 02 July 2024; Published: 29 July 2024

Abstract: This study evaluates the effectiveness of contemporary cybersecurity protocols in Nigeria, focusing on their efficiency

and application within the local context. Cybersecurity is essential in safeguarding sensitive data against theft and unauthorised

access, especially as Nigeria experiences growth in online services such as e-commerce and e-banking. The research examines the

usability and economic viability of modern security measures like SSL, TLS, and cryptographic protocols. It highlights the

challenges of implementing these protocols in Nigeria due to high operational costs and limited local expertise. The paper also

discusses Nigeria's legal framework, including the Cybercrime Act of 2015 and the efforts by governmental bodies like NITDA

to enhance cybersecurity. Case studies of recent cyber-attacks illustrate the evolving threat landscape and the critical need for

robust cybersecurity strategies. The study concludes with recommendations for improving Nigeria's cybersecurity infrastructure

through better regulation, increased awareness, and adopting emerging technologies like blockchain and quantum computing. The

research aims to bolster Nigeria's cybersecurity posture and promote safer digital environments by addressing these issues.

I. Introduction

Stealing and intruding on sensitive data are two of the most widespread threats. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), a web-based secure

packet model, and public critical infrastructure with its application in HTTPS were designed for confidential data safety (Dastres

& Soori, 2020; Khan et al., 2022; Ibrahim; Kumar et al., 2024). A majority of these modern security measures have safeguards.

Stealing and intruding are both avoided by these security measures. Conversely, to thrive in an always-changing digital world of

business, the selection of efficient security measures should be continuously analysed. Moreover, there is absolute confidence that

investments should not bring specious profits through a waste of operational resources. Hence, contributions have been made by

other researchers on the appraisal of these contemporary cybersecurity measures or equivalents by proposing technologies that

minimise commercial costs and impacts. This paper presents an open alternative that assesses the efficiency of modern

cybersecurity protocols in a graspable manner. Technology has been incorporated into various operations in every part of the

globe. These operations often depend on network services to aid data exchange and storage in attaining desired results. Several

network security measures were created due to our reliance on these network services. These security measures were produced to

halt unauthorised and deceitful activities such as interruption, eavesdropping, misrepresentation, denial of service, and

unauthorised access. However, very few of these measures were implemented due to the fear of increasing operational costs.

Most known network services resort to applying basic security measures and protocols in performing sensitive operations. The

information delivered through the network channel is left open when sending tools to use these unsecured network services to

prevent them from being exposed to attacks or compromise (Dastres & Soori, 2020; Khan et al., 2022; Ibrahim; Kumar et al.,

2024).

II. Background and Rationale

Efficiency is a concept used in economics to describe the state of an entity making the most use of the resources allocated to it

(Ode-Martins, 2021). Efficiency in the use of cybersecurity residency is determined by the fact that funds are being utilised to

secure and maintain the security in cyberspace, which is adequate and proportionate to the security provided (O'Brien et al.,

2024). So many protocols are available in the open literature that promise to secure cyberspace. However, because of their

usability problems, these protocols often deter individual use (Ugbe, 2021). For the efficient and successful deployment of these

services, it is paramount to investigate the usability of contemporary security protocols. Because usability is never a priority,

these protocols are often constructed to be secure rather than usable, even though it is known that their deployment would involve

users (Igbinovia & Ishola, 2023). It is interesting to investigate these interfaces because the return on the investment of

implementing a security protocol in terms of user trust and confidence would be diminished if it is not usable during deployment.

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The exponential usage of technology has characterised the 21st century to make life easier. No area of life has profited more from

this than ICT's continuous development and deployment. The widespread use of mobile phones and internet services has

permeated every facet of human life. Security in deploying and using ICT is often characterised by cybercrime and internet

malpractices. Because of unchecked and unregulated usage, the subsequent abuse and illegal use of ICTs has led to the

development and deployment of cybersecurity, especially in securing internet-based services. As the usage and industrialisation

of ICT continue to be exploited and developed, cybersecurity protocols are also developed to improve security in cyberspace. In

Nigeria, online e-commerce and e-banking services are gradually becoming popular. The loss of financial resources and the trust

deposited in e-commerce due to illegal access and pilfering of customer data often discourages the use of online e-commerce

services. For every successful electronic transaction, the reputation of Nigeria's e-commerce system and the confidence posed in

the use of such a system is enhanced. Because of the large amount of data processed and transmitted during an electronic

transaction, the subsequent loss when such data is illegally accessed inevitably presents a significant barrier to its widespread

usage and development. Individuals and organisations are often unwilling to use services that are not guaranteed.

Research Objectives

To assess secure systems, we aim to hit the sweet spot where the system cannot be breached too quickly, and the cost of

managing the system remains low. However, choosing which security solution to adopt for any system is critical to these goals

(Adisa, 2023). Opting for a secure solution that comes at a cost much higher than expected is not economical while opting for a

security system that can break easily will lead to disaster (Oladipo et al., 2024). This research proposes to answer a fundamental

question in cybersecurity: How do we assess a security system? Assessing a security system involves safeguarding the system's

integrity, the privacy of its users, and the system resources and considering protocols for remotely accessing and managing the

system to deliver on its business case (Daniels, 2023). We believe that the throughput of remotely accessed information systems

should not suffer too much because of securing the system; otherwise, the accessed information will not be delivered promptly to

users who need to commence actions based on the accessed information (Abrahams et al., 2024). Security efficiency is now taken

very seriously as both businesses and governments are getting informed about cyber threats. Countries are lining up to design and

implement protocols that will lead to sustained peace from the actions of hacker groups and individuals delving maliciously into

the cyber world and causing harm. Nigeria recently moved to the next level of cybersecurity awareness when the Central Bank of

Nigeria (CBN) exercised to ensure Nigeria's commercial banks were appropriately secured from attack. Though it is expected that

the banks would not be too forthcoming when it comes to their standing in connection to the tests they carried out, the fact that

the tests were carried out at the first instance might become a detriment to the ability of attackers to consider our financial sector

as a soft target.

Scope and Limitations

This thesis's scope is cybersecurity research, emphasising communication protocols, data exfiltration, and covert and botnet

infrastructures (Obono & Tawo, 2022). The goal is to understand the cybercriminal mind, its tools, and how the artefacts work.

Such in-depth knowledge is likely to cripple financial benefits, network infrastructure, or access information for more nefarious

activities (Heino et al., 2022). The research studies appropriate security protocols, Cisco routers, and possibly redesigning of the

Internet for improved performance and increased security (Bang et al., 2022). The report contains the test results, gathered

network protocols, network traffic metadata, comprehensive examples, detailed explanations, and sometimes step-wise

screenshots (Krishnan et al., 2021). The exponential growth of cybersecurity threats coincides with the provision of required

infrastructure and technical expertise. This broad approach examines evolving security, socio-economic, and ethical issues. The

human domain has been included, although behaviour-based security is not within the scope of this thesis. This thesis focuses

more on technology leadership, innovation, and cybersecurity. The aim is also to increase awareness among policymakers,

individuals, and security professionals regarding the evolving threat. The research is conducted to understand policy and security

shortcomings so that necessary changes can be made. Formal ethical framework recommendations were beyond the scope of this

research. They require more profound ethical implications and further exploration across national and international perspectives.

Results also show that different APTs may be able to use a covert channel for C&C and data exfiltration. Networks with suitable

network security devices seem to reduce C&C communication.

III. Cybersecurity Landscape in Nigeria

Many nations attempt to safeguard their national cyber-territory by crafting and implementing several laws to combat and arrest

potential and actual cybercriminals (Izevbuwa & Ngwoke, 2022). These laws contain both fine impositions and prescribed

imprisonment terms for managing and deterring criminals from committing crimes. Prosecutions are high. The institutions

regulating the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) industry and sphere are fully functional in all nations, and

Nigeria is no exception. The Nigerian Cybercrime Act 2015 is a statutory enactment of the laws against committing all criminal

offences within Nigerian cyberspace and against unauthorised access to computer systems and network devices (Obiefuna et al.,

2023). The Nigerian Information and Technology Development Agency (NITDA) functions in the promulgation of rules and

guidelines that, on the sanction of the Minister of Communication, have the power of law enforcement. The agency is responsible

for developing policies that will promote the growth of institutions within the ICT sphere, such as education, health, governance,

and other societal structures (Awhefeada & Bernice, 2020).

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The cybersecurity landscape in Nigeria is at a critical stage. As diverse online channels become entrenched in the daily running of

businesses, an escalation in cybercrimes arises in response to the crime opportunities these pose to potential cyber attackers.

Cybercrimes are not just done for criminal hobbies but for commercial purposes. A successful cybercrime disrupts the victim's

activities and provides the criminal with monetisable advantages. Thus, Nigeria is fast becoming one of the more critical

cybercrime destinations on the Internet. Due to the ease of perpetrating the criminalities of cyberattacks, there are increasing

instances of lone wolves or individuals with more expansive networks of associates getting involved in cyberterrorism. They are

both locally based and internationally based. Because most cybercriminals are at large internationally, it is always difficult to

apprehend and bring their persons to justice (Eboibi, 2020). However, security architectures are not only being improved but

methods of curbing and preventing cyberattacks are also being tackled head-on. Implementing several cybersecurity protocols has

sought to combat this myriad of crooks indulging in cybercrime.

Historical Overview

This is why every society puts measures in place to protect its critical information infrastructures (CIIs) (KHAUSTOVA et al.,

2023). Several cybersecurity protocols are widely available to address the issue of cybersecurity. These protocols could include

firewalls, intrusion detection systems, updated antiviruses, cryptography, biometrics, multifactor authentication, the deployment

of demilitarised zones, end-to-end encryption, and many other personal privacy tools (Dawson et al., 2021). In this study, the

terms "cybersecurity" and "information security" are used interchangeably, representing the protection of any asset, whether

physical or electronic, networked or un-networked, from threats violently or aggressively. Hence, cybersecurity is generally

expressed as protection from any intentional disruption or unauthorised actions, such as denial of service, data destruction,

corrupted data or software commands, loss of confidentiality, espionage or theft, and computer hacking (Malatji et al., 2022). The

word internet is becoming a term to be fearful and wary of due to its connotations with hackers, worms, spyware, and an

adversary to one's environment on the information superhighway and even within the home. Though the networked environment

is dynamic and an effective means of getting businesses to cut operations and maintenance costs, it remains a jungle where

consumers and businesses can quickly lose money, months of high-quality research; work can go up in smoke, and individuals,

either at home or work, could quickly become completely incapacitated. Consequently, the fear of attack has led to developing

and utilising a "technological fortress" known as cybersecurity. Hence, cybersecurity has become an increasingly important

aspect of national security due to the advances in cyberweapons along with the proliferation of more sophisticated cyber-attacks

(Viganò et al., 2020). In every society, the failure of the cybersecurity posture brings devastating consequences for a nation's

economy and its ability to conduct itself as a leader in the international community.

Current Threat Landscape

Nigeria began its trek into cyberspace in 2001, as with many global cyber regions (Awhefeada & Bernice, 2020). Subsequently, a

blueprint for national cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection policies was announced in 2012. However, these policies

were not fortified with the execution of the National Cyber Security Act until 2015. 2018, the Cyber Crime Act was established

(Abiodun et al., 2020). However, the free reign of cyber criminals continues to inspire attacks such as cyberterrorism, information

thefts (including the activities of advanced persistent threat actors), e-frauds, Internet of Things, and ransomware, among others

(Adediran, 2021). Recently, a few persistent victims of ransomware attacks have either shut down or gone underground. The

threat landscape has continuously evolved, while defender readiness has remained static. Reports from the Nigerian

Communications Commission revealed around 93 million internet users in Nigeria, the highest in Africa. While economies of

scale may have a positive impact on the cost of connectivity, the exponential increase in internet users serves as an inducement

for cybercriminals due to the poor economic status of the country and the willingness of the populace to explore nonconventional

ways of earning a living (Richards & Eboibi, 2021). Nigeria's diverse economy, with internet penetration in every sector,

including e-government, e-commerce, and online banking, makes the country a beautiful market for cybercriminals. With poor

cybersecurity awareness, most Nigerian cybersecurity issues will likely worsen. Cybersecurity readiness includes nation-states,

organisations, entrepreneurs, and individuals' collective efforts to secure information and communication infrastructure and

practices. Cybersecurity readiness is the capability of a nation to protect against, detect, and respond to cyber threats and

vulnerabilities. Recent studies on cybersecurity threats in Nigeria are pretty limited. This paper reviews the current cybersecurity

threats and their significant impacts on Nigeria.

IV. Contemporary Cybersecurity Protocols

Contemporary cybersecurity protocols relate to varying degrees of technologies presently in use. Technologies are emerging

daily, standing on the shoulders of existing ones. Some contemporary technologies include blockchain, quantum computing, and

mobile systems (Baseri et al., 2024). In this case, emphasis will be laid on blockchain and quantum technologies. However, the

authors will not lose sight of traditional methods since they still constitute the leading voices locally. According to Coon, the

integration of these three—the current dominant, the emergent, and the traditional—will help organisations attain a better

alignment between their cybersecurity risks and investments. To other authors, existing traditional approaches are locked within

their frameworks, and the creativity to change the formula and governance that are key to surviving, managing major incidents,

and adapting to the changing threat modelling is restricted (Liu et al., 2022). Such a school argues that a paradigm shift has

opened the doors to quantum-driven cryptography except for monetary gainers who are disinclined to think otherwise (Oliva del

Moral et al., 2024). As already mentioned, enterprise organisations in Nigeria are slow to grow around such evolving paradigms

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and, as such, safeguard their cyberspaces with what they currently obtain. The objective of this paper, amongst others, is to

theoretically explain the point, as best as they could, for the embracing of the shift that leads to the use of quantum computing and

blockchain technology in creating modern-use safety systems (Bishnoi, 2020).

Overview of Common Protocols

SSL and TLS are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network (Oppliger, 2023). They

are used for web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP). They are used to secure network

traffic and ensure that data passed from one server to another is not eavesdropped (Sheikh & Tariq, 2021). The transmission

control protocol (TCP) is a core component of the internet protocol suite located at the transport layer. It provides reliable,

ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of incoming data, and it is used to prepare for sending messages in packets over

internet protocol (IP) (Sayal et al., 2020). Internet protocols are communication protocols that scientists and developers have

designed to facilitate the communication process between two or more computers over the Internet. It is responsible for providing

all capabilities for a device to use the network links to send and receive packets of data in an organised path that will enable

reaching out to the destination (Kumar et al., 2024). Every networked device has a unique identifier computer scientists assign,

called the internet protocol (IP) address. It is figuratively the address where packets are meant to be explicitly delivered. This

section overviews some joint and contemporary cybersecurity protocols in organisations and governments. It covers Internet

protocols, transmission control protocols, simple network management protocols, transport layer security, secure sockets layer,

and password authentication protocols. It also explains the TCP/IP stack used in networks.

Strengths and Weaknesses

It is argued that it is only through involvement and endorsement by everyone with a valuable stake in the matters and important

issues impacting security and availability of global infrastructure that possible effective and stable cybersecurity policies can be

achieved (Möller, 2023). An attempt to compensate for the weaknesses identified in the contemporary cybersecurity frameworks

is the Cyber Security Consensus Initiative. It argues for the establishment of a round table to include all the essential players in

the security debate, including governments, anti-spam, network providers (high cost of implementing DDoS filtering operations),

and other non-spam, non-attack impacted sub-segments of the internet (Syafrizal et al., 2020). However, the strategies and

frameworks say very little about addressing the reaction, particularly the compensation of legitimate users impacted by aggressive

DDoS filtering (Markopoulou & Papakonstantinou, 2021). The strength of protocols and strategies for cybercrime reduction in

Nigeria is that they have now gone a long way in spelling out what governments and organisations should do to control the

malicious practice of cybercriminality. However, these did not spell out the steps that network providers' services must take to

prevent the network from being exploited by hostile users' intent to launch attacks on other sites (Chidukwani et al., 2022).

V. Case Studies

Superimposing Western ideas on Nigerian problems could compound the issues (Daniels, 2023). Would it not be productive and

valuable to compare the situation then? This could have been justified in the past because there was no national interest or people

in power did not have access to what the internet could bring. However, with the ongoing national debates on life in virtual

communities such as the internet, it can be seen that national values and open participation in a global network are essential after

all (Idowu). Many Nigerian first-time internet users are just that and do not have the same feel for the West as the older

generation. Therefore, the emotional feelings on technological issues such as borderless crimes are not there yet. However, the

biggest problem here is the lack of national infrastructure for detecting cyber fraud and, if detected, enforcing the law (Onumo,

2020). Since it has been argued within this dissertation that contemporary cybersecurity protocols appear not to work as they

should because they were developed in the West to suit Western needs, then one way of examining this would be to assess the

situation in a country where these protocols are assumed to work problem-free (Adewopo et al., 2024). This approach would

provide a comparative perspective that could highlight the mismatches and gaps in applying Western-developed cybersecurity

protocols in the Nigerian context, ultimately guiding the development of more locally tailored solutions.

Recent Cyber Attacks in Nigeria

The significant increase in the number of cyber-attacks, including phishing, spam, and cyber-crime, combined with the increasing

evolution in the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of cybercriminals, necessitates the creation of a scalable, homegrown,

and effective cyber threat intelligence architecture that will work on providing accurate, consistent, and timely cyber threat

information (Chidume et al., 2021). To do this, we propose the development of a domain-specific language/threat modelling

declarative Mission Command System Cyber Threat intelligence platform designed to help respond to cyber incidents. A Mission

Command System is defined as a military decision-making process that guides a commander in exercising his role; it is based on

a philosophy that empowers subordinates to exercise disciplined initiative in decision-making and the execution of dynamically

updated plans (N. Okeke, 2021).

The developed architecture will be structured to succeed by distinguishing, in advance, a set of operations or activities for

detecting, informing, and responding to cases of internet-born and network systems incidents. In 2019, Nigeria rose to the cyber-

aurora status of the country. This is besides the fact that, since 2011, cyber-attacks in Nigeria have continued to escalate. Some

significant instances that made the news include the cyber-attack on the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2011, the United States

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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cybercrime bust involving several Nigerians-from Oluwatunmise Obadare led fraud

organisation that involved $6 million losses and 17 convictions over Business Email Compromise (BEC) related cyber-attacks in

2019 (D. Chechet et al., 2022). Additionally, 2,804 cybercrime-related cases involving small and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs) were reported, verifying a growing pattern of an increase in cybercriminal activities against SMEs. These incidents made

the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) focus on developing small and medium-

scale businesses' cybersecurity resilience capabilities (Agbeyangi et al., 2024).

Response and Mitigation Efforts

A common mechanism to mitigate these threats instead of merely responding to the incidents involves proactive measures. For all

private and public organisations in Nigeria, the national cybersecurity policy and strategy have recognised the risks of using

cyberspace and the responsibilities of protecting sensitive information (AlDaajeh et al., 2022). This strategy suggests means for

improving the existing security policies, strategic and operational security planning, security enhancement of organisational

infrastructure, and minimising the exposure, illegal presence, and risk to Nigeria's integrity and national security on networks. It

emphasises ensuring the apparatus of awareness, education, and training, independent audit and certification of security, and

regular and appropriate participation and adherence to standard international standards and practices (Shopina et al., 2020).

To pursue the cybersecurity strategic goals and national policies, collaborating with other nations and governmental

organisations, reviewing and enforcing compliance with laws, standards, and best practices—security and legal measures are

essential (Lilli, 2020). Since managing all the identified score requirements is less practicable, the proposed security measures are

to be cost-effective, balanced, and determined. It aims to share and execute its national security objectives through cooperative

action with other countries with shared values, objectives, and purposes. This involves aligning with the national interests of our

allies and the principles of national law. Should statutes for cybersecurity only be used when assessed through global policy

exchange and coordination of developed frameworks? Using established, legally mandated cybersecurity authorities and

capabilities as a basis, new international agreements can be reached, with the flexibility to grow and adjust to dynamic technology

and operations (Roshanaei, 2021).

Several cybersecurity policies, strategies, and frameworks are designed and implemented for the country. The 2014 revision of

the national cybersecurity policy and strategy recognises the importance of the cyber threats that result from the impact of using

modern technology and the global Internet. It maps out a line of action/commitment to address many of the cybersecurity events

occurring in the country. A summary of the developed cybersecurity policy and strategy includes the "Draft National

Cybersecurity Strategy 2021-2025, National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy, National Critical Information Infrastructure

Protection, Cloud Computing Guideline, Biometric Data Capture Standard, Guidelines for Data Centre and Disaster Recovery,

National Information Security Policy and Guideline, and Information System Audit and Certification Guideline." These security

measures are planned and deployed to ensure the safe use of cyberspace in the country.

Recommendations and Future Directions

The study has recommended that Nigeria's existing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should be better regulated. They should be

monitored based on speed, connectivity, cost, and response time to service complaints (Ofodile et al., 2024). In addition, the tax

regime on ISPs should be reviewed downwards to encourage more entrepreneurs to enter the business (Ololade, 2024). To

minimise cybercrime activities during BECE and WASSCE, NECO and WAEC must deploy secure applications suitable for the

examination well in advance. When students these days are not fully exposed to the basics of Information Security training, the

implication is that they will be prone to risk. This could be facilitated by training trainers and rallying the relevant stakeholders in

education, especially teachers, parents, schools, and regulatory agencies, to make basic information security the watchword and

control of access and impact of the Web a priority in the educational value system (Olujobi, 2020).

In universities and other higher institutions, these recommendations should be implemented to improve awareness of the

significance of information security policies and user compliance with information security and organisational policy within the

Nigerian context. The implication of this is increased ICT use by various sectors of the economy in tandem with the objectives of

Vision 2020, which aims to move Nigeria from merely being a part of the Telecommunication or Information Technology age to

an economy deeply integrated with Information and Communication Technology.

a) All organisations connected to Information Systems and Computer Networks should have an ICT/IS policy. b) The ICT/IS

policy should be known to all information systems and computer network users. c) Information security awareness training

conducted regularly.

The security architecture of any organisation's ICT is a function of its policy. It encompasses the appropriate organisational

guidance and directions to ensure organisational mission and business processes are implemented more effectively using ICT

security. As such, institutions should formulate an acceptable ICT/IS policy with provisions for technological and procedural

infrastructure facilities within the standard guidelines and procedures that would meet their operational needs without hurdles. To

this end, it is therefore recommended that:

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