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The Seasonal Variations in Hydrological Factors in the Activity

Zones: An Essential Examination of the Ecosystem in Badagry

Creek, Lagos, Nigeria

*B. O. Ayo-Dada

, G.A. Lameed

Fisheries Resources Department, Nigerian Institute for oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), P.O Box

12729, 3, Wilmot Point Road, off Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island, Lagos.

Wildlife and Ecotourism Department, University of Ibadan Oyo-State.

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130906

Received: 27 August 2024; Accepted: 16 September 2024; Published: 30 September 2024

Abstract: The season is a pivotal representative in ascertaining the health status of a coastal ecosystem in a changing climate

condition. The physico-chemical parameters of Badagry Creek were spatially and temporally investigated for twelve months

(July 2017 to May 2018 for dry and wet seasons). Water samples were collected bi-monthly from nine stations, grouped into

five activity zones during the water flow, covering upper, middle and lower courses. Seasonal variations in the

physicochemical characteristics of Badgry Creek were found to be significantly different (<0.05) in salinity, phosphate, total

suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), depth, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Data were analysed using

descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Spearman correlation at α₀.₀₅.

The wet season had greater values of conductivity (551.27±79.09µS/cm; 412.77±42.7µS/cm) , pH (7.43±0.39: 7.41±0.41),

salinity (5.04±1.11ppt: 1.22±0.40ppt), DO (6.72±0.26: 5.39±0.58mg/l), and chloride (Cl



ˉ, 684.51±82.50 µmol/L:

674.22±73.44 µmol/L) than the dry season respectively. An increase in salinity during the wet season indicates the seawater

intrusion and the waste discharge effluents from domestic and aquaculture processes into the stream from the higher course.

Significant differences were observed between the Aquaculture (AQ) and Aquaculture combined Dredging (AQ_DG) zone

for Sulphate and Chloride (Clˉ).

The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) varied significantly between zones; they were 3.12±0.74mg/l in the Aquaculture

zone (AQ) to 4.00±0.42 mg/l in the Domestic Waste (DW) zone and 2.10± 0.5 mg/l in the Aquaculture and Dredging

(AQ_DG) zone to 19.2±9.44 mg/l in the Domestic Waste (DW) zone, respectively. The Highest value of TOM in DW station

indicates anthropogenic effluents from domestic waste in this zone. The seasons were used to describe variations in Badagry

Creek's physicochemical parameter values because the wet season noted higher parameter values, which may be related to an

influx of water from the upper to the lower course.

Keywords: Dry season, wet season, salinity, domestic waste, aquaculture, sand dredging.

I. Introduction

Seasonal variations are one of the factors that determine the level of impact of climate change in marine ecosystems,

previous studies from Chibwe et al., 2024, had reiterated the changes that occurred in abundance of living organisms such as

plankton, seasons and human activity in the areas that drain the rivers have an impact on the prevalence of campylobacter in

rivers. Oases and rivers/lakes in dry regions are extremely vulnerable because of the overuse of water resources and the

brittleness of the local ecological environment. Oasis shrinking, river drier conditions, and lake drying are examples of

increasingly frequent occurrences (Chibwe et al., 2024). Non-climatic stresses on fisheries, such as pollution, habitat loss,

and overfishing, are likely to get worse due to climate change (Sumailia et al., 2011; Etongo and Arrisol, 2021). The structure

and productivity of marine and coastal ecosystems, as well as fish populations, are impacted by a number of factors,

including rising temperatures, changed precipitation patterns, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and variations in dissolved

oxygen concentration (Johanessen and Miles, 2011; Etongo and Arrisol, 2021). As a result, there is less vegetation and more

frequent dust storms and deserts. This puts human health and survival in grave danger and has a substantial negative impact

on the ecological stability of oases in arid regions and the basin ecosystem. (Zhang et al., 2023), This indicates that the

restoration of inland river ecosystems is significantly impacted by ecological water transfer, and plant restoration in numerous

basins has been thoroughly studied (Lv et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2015, Lv et al., 2024). Fishery catches in tropical rivers are

typically strongly correlated with seasonal fluctuation caused by the yearly food pulse (Castello et al., 2013; Pinaya et al.,

2016; Furtado et al., 2023). The rise and fall in water levels are directly proportional to the richness of fish species. This

suggests that changes in the cycle's intensity may have an effect on the features of local fish communities and fishery

productivity (such as the composition and diversity of the catches; (Lowe-McConnell, 1999; Barthem and Fabré, 2004;

Furtado et al., 2023). There are categories of parameters and indicators, such as, flow rate, water temperature, electrical

conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and REDOX potential, that are used in rating the health condition of marine

ecosystems, this can be aligned to report of Yang et al., 2024 on acid mine drainage, and based statement on 143 coal mines

in Pennsylvania, USA. This study aimed to establish the physico-chemical parameters variation, (i) seasonally and (ii)

spatially.

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II. Sampling and Analysis

2.1 Study Area

Lagos popularly known as the centre of excellence is blessed with features of mangrove swamps, lagoons, creeks, deltaic

major tributaries, wetlands, and some of which are particularly noteworthy, like Badagry (Agboola et. al., 2008). For the

inhabitants, Badagry Creek is crucial for both agricultural and recreational uses (Olaide- Maseaku, 2010). But there's a

chance of contamination. mostly impacted by fecal pollution from aquaculture, animal production, deteriorating wastewater

treatment facilities, and agricultural practices. Furthermore, these marine water bodies' declining water quality is a result of

an increasing population, haphazard settlements, inadequate water resource management, and malfunctioning wastewater

infrastructure. The brackish Badagry Creek is incredibly rich in flora and fauna. It has provided transportation for the city of

Lagos, employment opportunities for fishermen, industrial and manual sand dredging, ecotourism, and disposal sites for

waste from homes, businesses, and aquaculture. The creek stretch is separated into three primary courses for this study in

order to record the primary human activities that may be relevant to the physicochemical parameters, which are established in

conjunction with the primary seasons (dry and wet seasons).

Figure 3.1: Study area’s map showing sampling stations.

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Table 3.1: Anthropogenic activities grouping of sampling stations

Water zone

Stations

Site

Anthropogenic Code

Anthropogenic groups

Upper zone

Station 1

EBUTE

Domestic waste

Upper zone

Station 2

GBEREFU

Domestic Waste

Upper zone

Station 3

TOPO

DG_DW

Dredging and Domestic

Waste

Middle zone

Station 4

POVITA

Dredging

Middle zone

Station 5

AJIDO 1

Dredging

Middle zone

Station 6

AJIDO 2

Dredging

Lower zone

Station7

IWORO

AQ_DG

Aquaculture and Dredging

Lower zone

Station 8

WHISPERING

PALMS 1

Aquaculture

Lower zone

Station 9

WHISPERING

PALMS 2

Aquaculture

III. Collection of Water Samples

Water samples were collected from the surfaces of each station (nine stations; under the five groups activity) with a 1dm

water sampler and stored in 1.0 litre screw – capped plastic containers and stored in the refrigerator at 4

C+ 1

C prior to

analyses. The parameters determined were Salinity, pH, Alkalinity, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solid,

Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Sulphate using Lamotte Tracer, multimeter Water Kit, Code 1766, P.O Box 329, Chaster town,

Maryland 21620 USA. www. Lamotte.com and APERA PC60 Premium Multi- parameter Tester. ISO 900/ 2015.APERA

Instruments, LLC. www.apera inst.com.

BOD determination was carried out in glass bottle (3000ml) filled with 250 ml water at each station and fixed according to

Winkler’s method using Maganous sulphate and Alkaline Potassium Iodide reagents for dissolved oxygen determination. Air

and surface water temperature was determined using mercury -in- glass thermometer in situ. The samples were preserved as

recommended by APHA (1989).

Transparency: This was measured using a 15cm diameter Secchi disc. The point (length of rope submerged in cm) at which

the disc disappeared when it was being lowered into the water and the point at which it reappears when it is being withdrawn

shall be taken. The exercise shall be repeated twice at different locations within the body of water and the average shall be

determined.

The analysis of variance was applied to the data (ANOVA), Speaman correlation, non-parametric test for two or more

treatments, IBM-SPSS 24, for descriptive analysis, frequency analysis for significance at ∞0.05 (Fox et al., 2012)

IV. Results and Discussion

4.1 Physico- Chemical Parameters of Water

Water Temperature

Surface water temperature across the anthropogenic zones was fairly stable and all the five zones showed similar trend with

seasonal changes. Surface water temperature values throughout the sampling duration were 27˚C in the month of July, 2017

at stations under DW and 33˚C in May 2018 in AQ. The mean surface water temperature were 29±1.59˚C, 30±1.67˚C,

29.72±1.74˚C, 29.66±1.21˚C, and 29.5±1.5˚C, respectively for DW, DW_DG, DG, AQ_DG, and AQ zones, with an

outstanding mean of 29.53±0.43˚C ( Table 4.2), Season –wise mean surface water temperature was slightly higher in dry

season 30.00±0.68˚C and lower in wet season 27.98±.46˚C. the result of ANOVA showed that there was no significant

difference ( P>0 .05) in water temperature among the zones and seasons.

Air Temperature

Mean air temperature (Table 4.1) 29±1.81˚C; DW recorded least, DW_DG; 29.5±2.81˚C, DG; 30.11±1.81˚C, AQ_DG;

30.33±1.5˚C) and the highest AQ ;30.58±1.83˚C. The results observed showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) across

zones in air temperature.

The range of pH values is 6.8 to 8.3. The maximum value was reported at the AQ_DG zone, while the lowest value was

recorded at station 8 (Whispering Palms 1) during the dry season in March 2018 in AQ zone. The two zones in lower course,

AQ_DG and AQ, more alkaline environments were observed in January during the dry season and May during the rainy

season. Table 4.1 displays the mean pH values for each zone. The lowest value was 7.26±0.31, followed by the DW zone

(7.40±0.38), the AQ zone (7.45±0.43), the DW_DG (7.56±0.6) zone, and the highest value (7.7±0.41) in the AQ_DG zone.

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Electrical Conductivity

The average values of electric conductivity are shown in Table 4.1. The zone designated for DG_DW had the lowest values

(3540±5129 µS/cm), while the zone designated for AQ_DG recorded the maximum value (13373±18435 µS/cm). In DG

zone (9283±12100 µS/cm), the AQ (10446±12930 µS/cm), and DW value (4645±4976 µS/cm), the mean values grew

significantly.

Transparency

The zones with the lowest spatially (zone) mean transparency were DG_DW; 0.67±0.2 and DW; 0.89±0.42, respectively,

according to Table 4.1. The zone with the highest mean value was AQ_DG; 0.97±0.49m. The average transparency measure

overall in (Table 4.2) recorded non significant value (P>0.05) among the zones in the variance transparency mean values

studied.

Salinity

The mean salinity values were (Table 4.1; fig 4.1) 2.41±1.20ppt; DW, 2.83±2.00 ppt; DG_DW, 2.44±0.80 ppt; DG,

6.66±3.95 ppt; AQ_DG, and 3.25±0.93 ppt; AQ PSU, respectively. The wet season and AQ_DG produced the greatest

salinity value.

Alkalinity

Throughout the course of the investigation, the alkalinity value ranged from 20 to 80 mg/L; the lowest value, 41.55±15.36

mg/L, was recorded in DG and highest of 56.66±16.03mg/L in AQDG zone.

Water Depth

The study period saw observations of water depths ranging from 0.72 meters to 3.24 meters. Table 4.1 presents the mean

depth values of 1.93±.77m; DW ,1.47±0.88m; DG_DW, 1.86±0.91; DG, 1.48±0.66m: AQDG, and 1.37±0.55m; AQ.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The study (Table 4.1) examined the mean values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand across five distinct Anthropogenic activity

zones. The values ranged from 1.37± 0.99mg/l, 1.11±1.02 mg/l, 1.01±0.76 mg/l, 1.38±1.11 mg/l, and 1.43±1.15 mg/l,

representing the five zones, (DW, DGDW, DG, AQDG, and AQ).

Nitrate

Table 4.1 displays the mean concentration values of nitrate in each of the three zones: DG: 0.18±0.11µmol/L; DG_DW :

0.2±0.12µmol/L; DW : 0.22±0.11µmol/L; whereas the mean values for AQ and AQ_DG were 0.25±0.05µmol/L and

0.25±0.07µmol/L, respectively.

Phosphate

In the three zones DW, DG, AQ, the mean concentration values of phosphate (Table 4.1) were 0.02±0.02µmol/L. However,

DGDW and AQDG, the values varied to 0.04±0.07µmol/L and 0.03±0.03µmol/L each.

Sulphate

Table 4.1 depicts the differences in sulphate concentrations between the zones. DGDW;11.83±4.35µmol/L<AQ;

16.16±5.14µmol/L, DW; 20.5±4.98µmol/L < DG;31.27±15.83µmol/L< AQDG; 34.83±33.12µmol/L in increasing order. The

rainy season recorded (23.11±16.98µmol/L) and the dry season recorded (24.40±15.58µmol/L) had the greatest mean value.

Chloride

Chloride concentration went from 616.66 ±16.3 mg/l; DG DW to 793.33±27.3 mg/l; AQDG (Table 4.1). Across the DW,

DGDW, DG, AQDG), and AQ, the mean values were 656±87.65, 616.66±16.32 mg/l, 663±1.87 mg/l, and 793.33±27.3 mg/l.

The AQDG had value of 793.33±27.3 mg/l, stated as highest mean value.

Table 4.1: Means of Physico-chemical Parameters of Badagry Creek, Each Anthropogenic zone Activities zones

PHYSICO

CHEMICAL

PARAMETERS

DOMESTIC

WASTE

ZONE

ACTIVITIES

DREDGING

AND

DOMESTIC

WASTE

ZONE

DREDGING

ZONE

ACTIVITIES

AQUACULTURE

AND DREDGING

ZONE

ACTIVITIES

AQUACULTURE

ZONE

ACTIVITIES

Significance

7.4±0.38

7.56±0.16

7.26±0.39

7.7±0.41

7.45±0.43

>0.05

Temperature (˚с)

29±1.59

30±1.67

29.72±1.74

29.66±1.21

29.5±1.5

>0.05

Transparency

(m)

0.89±0.42

0.67±0.2

0.9±0.43

0.97±0.49

0.94±0.46

>0.05

Alkalinity (mg/L)

44.5±8.18

45.66±10.61

41.55±15.36

56.66±16.03

52.41±19.77

>0.05

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Total suspended

solids (mg/L)

13.67±5.87

12.63±3.29

13.11±5.7

12.83±3.2

10.99±3.82

>0.05

Total Dissolved

solids (mg/L)

331.16±85.43

267.33±33.21

334.38±53.84

246.66±39.71

268±37.02

>0.05

Dissolved oxygen

(mg/L)

6.33±1.24

6.66±1.53

5.66±1.23

6.08±0.91

6.04±1.26

>0.05

Nitrate(µmol/L)

0.22±0.11

0.2±0.12

0.18±0.11

0.25±0.05

0.25±0.07

>0.05

Phosphate (mg/L)

0.02±0.02

0.04±0.07

0.02±0.02

0.03±0.03

0.02±0.02

>0.05

Sulphate(µmol/L)

20.5±4.98

11.83±4.35

31.27±15.83

34.83±33.12

16.16±5.14

<0.05

Salinity

2.41±4.16

2.83±4.91

2.44±3.43

6.66±9.68

3.25±3.22

>0.05

Chloride

(µmol/L)

656±87.65

616.66±16.32

663±71.87

793.33±27.32

701.66±45.49

<0.05

BOD (g/L)

4±0.42

3.91±0.73

3.58±0.82

3.75±0.52

3.12±0.74

<0.05

Conductivity (

µS/cm)

46.45±49.76

35.4±51.29

92.83±121.01

133.73±184.35

104.46±129.36

>0.05

Air Temperature

(˚C)

29.25±1.81

29.5±2.81

30.11±1.81

30.33±1.5

30.58±1.83

>0.05

Total organic

matter (sediment)

(mg/l)

19.2±9.14

5.52±0.81

2.53±0.57

2.1±0.5

5.5±1.12

<0.05

The association among TSS, Alkalinity, Transparency, and Nitrite were found to be highly susbstantial (positive), the

correlation, (Table 4.4), displayed positive among the pairs, Conductivity; Salinity (0.5), TSS; Alkainity (0.8), TSS;

Transparency (0.5), TSS; Nitrite (0.6), Nitrate; Transparency (0.6), Transparency; Alkalinity (0.8) and Nitrate; Air

temperature (0.6). The relationship between Nitrate and both transparency and Transparency was found to be highly notable

(positive). The agreement association between conductivity and salinity, is an indication of discharge of ions in the creek.

Table 4.2: Spearman correlation analysis of the physico-chemical parameters

SALINITY

Clˉ

PHOSPHATE

ALK

ATEMP

NITRATE

BOD

TRAN

SULPHATE

SALINITY

.28

CHLORIDE

.44

.34

PHOSPHATE

0.10

-0.10

0.04

0.03

-0.04

0.11

0.05

ALKALINITY

0.17

.44

0.22

0.25

.45

AIRTEMP

.28

.37

0.16

-0.15

.37

0.17

NITRATE

.33

0.15

.34

0.12

0.05

0.10

0.16

WaterTemp

0.07

.28

0.06

0.11

.46

.38

.63

0.12

BOD

0.10

0.00

0.09

.33

0.14

0.13

-0.11

-0.15

0.04

TRANSPARENCY

0.13

.30

0.01

0.21

.48

.72

.314

0.12

.32

0.09

SULPHATE

0.15

0.11

0.13

-0.01

0.16

-0.12

0.18

0.23

.27

NITRITE

0.21

-.44

0.13

-.31

.36

.65

-0.24

0.13

.47

.37

-.63

-.35

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DEPTH

0.16

-0.14

0.00

0.22

0.16

0.26

-0.22

-0.18

0.06

0.08

.34

0.15

TSS

0.03

.50

0.17

.35

.80

-0.03

0.09

0.26

0.11

.51

0.21

TDS

0.17

-.44

0.04

0.08

0.01

-.29

0.10

0.04

0.07

-0.05

TOM

0.03

-0.01

.29

0.07

0.01

0.21

-0.17

0.06

0.01

0.16

0.15

-0.11

CONDUCTIVITY

0.20

.56

.42

-0.19

0.23

.30

0.24

-0.02

0.13

-0.24

0.18

0.08

STATION

0.04

0.22

.37

-0.11

0.11

0.17

.33

0.17

0.07

.40

0.11

-0.09

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

NOTE: ATEMP=AIR TEMPERATURE, WT=WATER TEMPERATURE, BOD= BIOLOGICAL OVYGEN DEMAND,

CL= CHLORIDE, DO-DISSOLVED OXYGEN, ALK=ALKALINITY, TOM=TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER,

TRAN=TRANSPARENCY, TSS= TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID, TDS= TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID, ST=STATION

Table 4.3: Seasonal variation of Physico-chemical parameters of Badgry Creek, Nigeria

PARAMETERS

DRY SEASON

WET SEASON

P VALUE

Salinity (ppt)

1.22±0.40

5.04±1.11

< 0.05

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(mg/l)

3.64±0.89

3.61±0.10

>0.05

Total Dissolve Solid (mg/l)

307.44±60.43

296.00±70.68

< 0.05

Nitrate (µmol/L)

0.23±0.02

0.20±0.01

> 0.05

Water Temperature (˚C)

29.44±0.97

29.63±2.02

>0.05

Sulphate (µmol/L)

24.40±15.57

23.11±16.98

> 0.05

Transparency (m)

0.92±0.35

0.87±0.48

> 0.05

Depth (m)

1.90±0.79

1.46±0.73

< 0.05

7.41±0.41

7.43±0.39

>0.05

Chloride (µmol/L)

674.22±73.44

684.51±82.50

> 0.05

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

5.39±0.11

6.72±0.26

< 0.05

Phosphate (µmol/L)

0.03±0.04

0.01±0.00

<0.05

Alkalinity

50.04±14.66

43.48±15.52

>0.05

Air Temperature (˚C)

29.66±1.41

30.30±2.28

Conductivity (µS/cm)

412.77±42.7

551.27±79.09

>0.05

Total Suspended Solid (mg/l)

14.40±5.46

10.96±13.4

< 0.05

Total Organic Matter (mg/l)

7.20±1.43

7.16±1.61

<0.05

V. Discussion

Total organic matter was highest at DW site, and several times lower at other sites,slightly higher value noted during the dry

season than wet season, this could be connected to the solid waste discharge from the jetty, market, municipal and house hold

waste because of the nearness of the zone to the city. Surface water at the AQ_DG site was more brackish compared to other

parts of the creek, a referral of the sea incursion into the creek in that zone. Alkalinity is a composition of ions, the common

ion found in natural water are, Mg²⁺ , Ca²⁺, HCOˉ₃ ,highest amount registered in downstream , which revolved in dredging

and aquaculture disturbances, this was associated with larger amounts of Ca and Mg ions are leached out due to the

prolonged runoff period and increased evaporation intensity of recharge sources, the extended duration of the flow, it is a

corroboration of previous work of (Yang et al., 2024) that worked on the acid mine drainage , Wuma river basin , China. TSS

and TDS were highest recorded values in DW zone, that corresponds to the low transparency value in the same zone, which

denotes turbidity in marine environment, this gained the credibility that large amount of dissolved particles in DW could turn

out to increase nutrient, the validation these findings is directly linked to the former works of (Chibwe et al., 2024), on

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turbidity as a direct pointer for enrichment of nutrient that supported the growth of Campylobacter species in an Eastern

Cape town river.TDS was highest at DW and DG sites. DW site showed the lowest mean surface water temperature while

values were higher at the DG_DW site. BOD and nitrates did not significantly differ across sites, while sulphate level in

surface water seemed to be lowest at the DG_DW site.Transparency and depth also did not differ across the major

anthropogenic sites in the creek.

VI. Conclusion

The physicochemical parameters of the Badagry Creeks have demonstrated seasonal and temporal variations, with a level of

significance (<0.05). These parameters include the biochemical oxygen demand, total organic matter, salinity, sulphate, total

dissolved solids, and total suspended solids, which may be related to changes in the climate and disturbances caused by

human interference. The significant need for breakdown from debris and household wastes has resulted in the weakly

negative collaboration between Biochemical Oxygen demand and Total Organic Matter. Due to erosion, salinity reached a

high concentration during the wet season, registering the entrance of current from the nearby sea into the creek.

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