Abstract
Abstract: The bulk integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid brings about fresh challenges in grid protection, notably in the modification of fault levels. Also, the intermittent nature of renewable energy source inputs makes it challenging for traditional protection methods like overcurrent and distance relays to reliably safeguard these systems. This study introduces an Independent Component Analysis-Support Vector Machine-based protection system tailored to tackle the protection issues arising from renewable energy integration. This method was developed and tested on a 50kV 180km transmission line that was highly penetrated with solar photovoltaics, simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulations were conducted for different fault types, signal noise levels, and fault resistances. The simulation results were then compared with the results of other methods published in available literature. The accuracy of the Independent Component Analysis-Support Vector Machine algorithm in determining the location of faults for the different scenarios was above 99.7%. The fault classification accuracy ranged between 99% and 100% for different levels of signal to noise ratio. Although the method is not as accurate when applied to power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources as opposed to when applied to conventional power systems, the simulation results are satisfactory since they are higher than 99% which is the accuracy threshold for fault location and classification.
References
V. Telukunta, J. Pradhan, A. Agrawal, M. Singh, S.G. Srivani, Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in Power Systems: A Review, CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. 3 (2017) 365–379. doi:10.17775/cseejpes.2017.00030.
M.M. Eissa (SIEEE), Protection techniques with renewable resources and Smart Grids—a survey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 52 (2015) 1645–1667. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.031.
M.A. Aftab, S.M.S. Hussain, I. Ali, T.S. Ustun, Dynamic Protection of power systems with high penetration of renewables: A review of the traveling wave based fault location techniques, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 114 (2020) 105410. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105410.
P. Dehghanian, B. Wang, M. Tasdighi, New protection schemes in smarter power grids with higher penetration of renewable energy systems, Pathways to a Smarter Power System. (2019) 317–342. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102592-5.00011-9.
P.T. Manditereza, R. Bansal, Renewable distributed generation: The hidden challenges – a review from the Protection Perspective, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 58 (2016) 1457–1465. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.276.
F. Alasali, A.S. Saidi, N. El-Naily, M.A. Smadi, W. Holderbaum, Hybrid tripping characteristic-based protection coordination scheme for Photovoltaic Power Systems, Sustainability. 15 (2023) 1540. doi:10.3390/su15021540.
J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, P. Balcerek, M. Fulczyk, M.M. Saha, Accurate noniterative fault location algorithm utilizing two-end unsynchronized measurements, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 25 (2010) 72–80. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2009.2035222.
F.V. Lopes, K.M. Silva, F.B. Costa, W.L. Neves, D. Fernandes, Real-time traveling-wave-based fault location using two-terminal unsynchronized data, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 30 (2015) 1067–1076. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2380774.
S. Hasheminejad, S.G. Seifossadat, M. Razaz, M. Joorabian, Ultra-high-speed protection of transmission lines using traveling wave theory, Electric Power Systems Research. 132 (2016) 94–103. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.014.
E.O. Schweitzer, A. Guzman, M.V. Mynam, V. Skendzic, B. Kasztenny, S. Marx, Locating faults by the traveling waves they launch, 2014 67th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers. (2014). doi:10.1109/cpre.2014.6798997.
G. Ma, L. Jiang, K. Zhou, G. Xu, A method of line fault location based on traveling wave theory, International Journal of Control and Automation. 9 (2016) 261–270. doi:10.14257/ijca.2016.9.2.25.
L.V. Bewley, Traveling waves on transmission systems, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 50 (1931) 532–550. doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1931.5055827.
S. Ekici, S. Yildirim, M. Poyraz, Energy and entropy-based feature extraction for locating fault on transmission lines by using neural network and wavelet packet decomposition, Expert Systems with Applications. 34 (2008) 2937–2944. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2007.05.011.
V. Malathi, N.S. Marimuthu, S. Baskar, Intelligent approaches using support vector machine and extreme learning machine for transmission line protection, Neurocomputing. 73 (2010) 2160–2167. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2010.02.001.
A.R. Almeida, O.M. Almeida, B.F.S. Junior, L.H.S.C. Barreto, A.K. Barros, ICA feature extraction for the location and classification of faults in high-voltage transmission lines, Electric Power Systems Research. 148 (2017) 254–263. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.03.030.
X. Li, A. Dysko, G.M. Burt, Traveling wave-based protection scheme for inverter-dominated microgrid using mathematical morphology, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 5 (2014) 2211–2218. doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2320365.
Q. Jia, X. Dong, S. Mirsaeidi, A traveling-wave-based line protection strategy against single-line-to-ground faults in active distribution networks, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 107 (2019) 403–411. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.11.032.
B. Sahoo, S.R. Samantaray, An enhanced fault detection and location estimation method for TCSC compensated line connecting Wind Farm, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 96 (2018) 432–441. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.10.022.
K.A. Saleh, A. Hooshyar, E.F. El-Saadany, H.H. Zeineldin, Voltage-based protection scheme for faults within utility-scale photovoltaic arrays, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 9 (2018) 4367–4382. doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2655444.
H. Al Hassan, A. Reiman, G. Reed, Z.-H. Mao, B. Grainger, Model-based fault detection of inverter-based microgrids and a mathematical framework to analyze and avoid nuisance tripping and blinding scenarios, Energies. 11 (2018) 2152. doi:10.3390/en11082152.
F. Alasali, A.S. Saidi, N. El-Naily, M.A. Smadi, W. Holderbaum, Hybrid tripping characteristic-based protection coordination scheme for Photovoltaic Power Systems, Sustainability. 15 (2023) 1540. doi:10.3390/su15021540.
F.M. Aboshady, A. Saber, F. Khera, A.F. Zobaa, High frequency directional-based protection scheme for transmission lines emanating from large scale wind farms, Electric Power Systems Research. 225 (2023) 109904. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109904.
K. Kant, S. Ansari, O.H. Gupta, An advanced short-circuit protection scheme for a bipolar DC Microgrid, Frontiers in Energy Research. 11 (2023). doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1100789.
S. Ekici, Support Vector Machines for classification and locating faults on transmission lines, Applied Soft Computing. 12 (2012) 1650–1658. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2012.02.011.
S.R. Samantaray, A systematic fuzzy rule based approach for fault classification in Transmission Lines, Applied Soft Computing. 13 (2013) 928–938. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2012.09.010.