This paper is seeks to investigated the problem of time delay in the production activities of manufacturing industries in Nigeria. This research work is focused on how to identify the root causes of time delay and its solutions in the production activities of manufacturing industries in Nigeria. This also involves identifying the research gaps that need to be pursued further to better understand time delay and the limitations associated with them. The research has identified the works of literature that discusses challenges and limitations of time delay and minimize its effect in production activities. Due to the increase in industries application, there is significant interest in an efficient simulation and optimization of strategies to reduce time delay in production activities. A manufacturing industry (Support system (SS) LTD) work process route sheet is used to demonstrate how the factors using the arena simulation model to detect the causes and effect of time delay and how it can be reduced or eliminated. The use of case studies in the report has identified real-life challenges and opportunities that help to solve the problem of time delay in production activities manufacturing industries in Nigeria using Dangote Cement and Mantrac Nig. Ltd as case studies.
- Abioye Mayowa Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
- Sule Ihiavi Saliu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
References
1. Ahiaga-Dagbui, D.D. & Smith, S.D. (2014). Rethinking construction cost overruns: cognition, learning and estimation. Journal of financial management of property and construction, 19(1), pp. 38-54.
2. Alinaitwe, H., Apolot, R.,&Tindiwensi, D.(2013). Investigation into the causes of delays and cost overruns in Uganda's public sector construction projects. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 18(2), p.33.
3. AlSehaimi,A., Koskela, L., & Tzortzopoulos, P.(2013).Need for alternative research approaches in construction management: Case of delay studies. Journal of Management in Engineering, 29(4), pp.407-413.
4. Ammar, O.B., Dolgui, A., Hnaien, F.,& Louly, M.A.(2013). Supply planning and inventory control under lead time uncertainty: A review. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 46(9), pp.359-370.
5. Ansar, A., Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A.,&Lunn, D.(2014). Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development. Energy policy, 69, pp.43-56.
6. Adenikinju, A., & Chete, L. (2002). Productivity, market structure and trade liberalization in Nigeria. Economic development department, Nigerian institute of social and economic research (AERC). Research paper 126; African economic research consortium: Nairobi; 2002 Nov.
7. Ayanwale, A. (2007). FDI and Economic Growth. Evidence from Nigeria. African 26 Economic Research Consortium; Research Papers.p165:48.
8. Anyanwu, C . M. (2000).Productivity in the Nigerian manufacturing industry.Research department: central bank of Nigeria. p.124-129
9. Aziz, A. A., Memon, A.H., Rahman, I.A.,& Karim, A.T.(2013).Controlling cost overrun factors in construction projects in Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5(08), pp.2621-2629.
10. Brewer,G.,&Strahorn,S.(2012).Trust and the project management body of knowledge. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
11. Butt, J.(2020). A strategic roadmap for the manufacturing industry to implement industry 4.0. Designs, 4(2), p.11.
12. Carpinetti, L., GeroÂlamo, M., &Dorta, M. (2000). A conceptual framework for deployment of strategyrelated continuous improvements.The TQM Maga
13. Chete, L.& Adenikinju, A. Trade policy and productivity growth: evidence from Nigeria. Final report presented at a workshop by African economic research consortium (AERC); 28 May–2 Jun.
14. Eretan, G.O.,&Adesina, B.D.(20200. Production Optimization and Corporate Productivity in the Nigerian Manufacturing Industry.
15. Cheng, Y.M.(2014).An exploration into cost-influencing factors on construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(5), pp.850-860.
16. Dauda, Y.A.,& Akingbade, W.A.(2011). Technological change and employee performance in selected manufacturing industry in Lagos state of Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(5), pp.32-43.
17. Dolgui, A.,Ammar, O.B.,Hnaien, F.&Louly, M.A.(2013). A state of the art on supply planning and inventory control under lead time uncertainty. Studies in Informatics and Control, 22(3), pp.255-268.
18. Doloi,H.(2013).Cost overruns and failure in project management: Understanding the roles of key stakeholders in construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(3), pp.267-279.
Abioye Mayowa, Sule Ihiavi Saliu, "Investigation on Various Optimizing Strategies used to Reduce Time Delay in Production Activities of Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.12 issue 4, April 2023, pp.01-07 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12401
This study explores the instructional leadership (IL) role of primary school principals in Sri Lanka. The purpose of this study was to examine the practices of primary school principal’s role as instructional leader. The main research questions of the study were to find out what roles principal’s play as instructional leader in primary schools; Identify how primary school principal fulfill his/her instructional leadership role? And which activities do principals as instructional leaders engage in promoting the education of students and upgrading the pedagogy of teachers in primary schools. The multiple case study method was used in the current study. Accordingly, Semi-structured interview, focus group discussion, observation and document analyses were used as data collecting tools. As the study sample four principals, and four teachers were selected using purposive sampling for interviews. The study found that all principals in the sample experienced in implementing instructional leadership roles. Also, the study shows that the traditional role of principals as school leaders has been changed to instructional leaders. All the primary school principals mentioned that they implement innovative methodologies to overcome challenges that they face when implementing instructional leadership roles in their schools. Also the study found that a significsnt attention was paid on instructional supervision, giving feedback on instruction, provision of instructional materials and incentives for teaching and learning and protection of instructional time by primary schools principals as instructional leaders. The study further revealed that the opportunities available for primary school principals to acquire leadership training at an appropriate stage in their career are limited. It was further revelaed that Irrespective of education Zone the management of curriculum and instructional programs is a shared responsibility of principals and teachers in schools. However, principals should engage in all the roles related to instructional leadership in order to promote effective teaching and learning and thereby transform the school as an organisation into an environment where teachers and students reach their full potential. Therefore it is recommended that the primary school principals need to be trained in school management and leadership in order to be further competent as instructional leaders in primary schools in Sri Lanka.
- H. M. Lalitha Kumari Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
References
1. Blase, J. and Blasé, J. (2010). Handbook of Instructional Leadership: How Successful Principals Promote Teaching and Learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
2. Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen, S.N. (2007) Qualitative Research for Education an Introduction to Theories and Methods. 5th Edition, Pearson, Boston.
3. Bust, T. (2008) Leadership and Management Development in Education. London: Sage.
4. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2007) Research Methods in Education (6th Edition).
5. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2013). Research Methods in Education, Taylor & Francis.
6. Creswell, J.W, (2007) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Prentice-Hall, 3rd Edition, 2007.
7. Day, C., Harris, A., Hadfield, M., Tolley, H., and Beresford, J. (Eds.). (2000). Leading schools in times of change. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
8. Farrell, T. S. C. (2011). Keeping SCORE: Reflective practice through classroom observations. RELC Journal, 42(3), 265-272.
9. Hallinger, P., and Murphy, J. (1986). Assessing the instructional management behaviors of principals. Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217-247.
10. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of the empirical research. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44.
11. Hallinger, P. (2009) Leadership for 21st Century Schools: From Instructional Leadership to Leadership for Learning. Public Lecture Series of the Hong Kong Institute of Education on 23 September 2009. [18]
12. Hallinger, P. (2010) Geteways to Leading Learning Leading Educational Change. APCLC Monograph Series, 2010, No. 1. www.ied.edu.hk/apclc
13. Harris, A. and Muijs, D. (2008) Improving Schools through Teacher Leadership. London: Oxford University Press.
14. Kvale S, Brinkmann, S (1996) Interviews – Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing, Second Edition. London Sage Publication, London: Sage Publications.
15. Kumari, H. M. L. (2014) Role of the principals in the leadership of teaching and learning in secondary schools in Sri Lanka. 2nd Annual Postgraduate Researcher's Presentation, 47-48, University of South Wales PRESS.
16. Kumari, H.M.L. (2019) A Study on Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Social Sciences: PEOPLE 5 (3), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
17. Kumari, H. M. L. (2020) Instructional Leadership Practice and Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature. Adyapana SANWADA 10, 121-133, University of Colombo PRESS
18. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021a) A study on instructional supervision by principals in Type 2 and Type 3 schools in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. International Research Symposium 2021Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 176-185 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
19. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021b) A Study on Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning: PUPIL 5(1), 55-72 https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2021.51.5572
20. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022a). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in the Gampaha District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5(8), 117-125 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
21. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022b) Principals Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning in Type 1AB and Type 1C Schools in the Colombo District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5 (9), 17-25 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
22. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022c) Importance of School Leadership in improving Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature.Adyapana PRATHIBA (12), 135-147. University of Colombo Press.
23. Kumari, H.MM. L. (2022d) A Study on the Implementation of School Based Management of Secondary Schools in Sri Lanka with special reference to 1AB & 1C Schools. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS), 11(11), 16-24 http://www.ijltemas.in/digital-library/volume-xi-issue-xi.php
24. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022e). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 2 and Type 3 Schools in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Education 1(1), 73-88
25. Leithwood K, Harris A, Hopkins D (2008) Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership and Management, 28(1): 27-42.
26. Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. (1994) Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
27. Malkanthi, J.P.R. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021) Enhancing Students’Higher Order Cognitive Skills. International Research Symposium 2021,Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 201-208 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
28. Mulford, B. (2003). The Role of School Leadership in Attracting and Retaining Teachers and Promoting Innovative Schools and Students. Retrieved on November 23, 2007, from http://www.dest.gov.au/ 7.
29. Neuman, W.L. (2007) Basics of Social Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
30. Pillegedara, S.P. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021). School-based planning and the contribution of stakeholders in developing the re-opened schools. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
31. Quinn, D. M. (2002). The Impact of Principal Leadership on Behaviours on Instructional Practice and Student Engagement. Journal of Educational Administration, 40 (5), 447-467.
32. Rubin, H.J. and Rubin, I.S. (2011) Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, Sage Publications.
33. Southworth, G. (2004b) Learning Centred Leadership, Distributed Leadership Booklet 4.1, chapter 7. UK: National College for School Leadership Nottingham.
34. Taole, M. (2013) Exploring Principals Role in Providing Instructional Leadership in Rural High Schools in South Africa. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 11, 75-82.
35. UNESCO (2005) School Management a Training Manual for Educational Management. UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa.
36. Waters, J.T., Marzano, R.J. and McNulty, B. (2004). Leadership That Sparks Learning. Educational Leadership, 61 (7), 48-51.
37. Wickramanayake. R, Kumari, H. M. L. (2022a). The Potential of Sri Lankan Teacher in Managing Online Classroom. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5(11), 320-330 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/3685
38. Wickramanayake. R, Kumari, H. M. L. (2022b). Sri Lankan Teachers’ Online Classroom Management Abilities by School Type and Grade Section. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5(12), 224-334 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/3843
39. Wijekoon, K.M.J. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021) Examining the teachers’ perception of the School Based Professional Teacher Development Programms. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
H. M. Lalitha Kumari, "Instructional Leadership Role of Primary School Principals in Sri Lanka " International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.12 issue 4, April 2023, pp.08-17 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12402
The safety of food has been an issue of concern in developing countries like Nigeria where the processing method can pose some environmental health challenge. The use of scrap automobile tires to singe meat has been reported to possess some toxic materials that can pose health challenge to humans. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in meat singed with fire wood and scrap tires in Lokoja, Nigeria. Samples of cattle hides singed with firewood and scrap tires were collected from four (4) different abattoirs and analyzed for the concentration of Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. There was significant increase in the concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb of the cattle hides singed with firewood and scrap tires when compared to the unsinged. The concentration of heavy metals for firewood singed cattle hide is within recommended Maximum Permissible Levels (MPLs) of the European Commission Regulations while the concentration of scrap tires is above the recommended Maximum Permissible Levels (MPLs) of the European Commission Regulations for Cu, Zn and Fe. Though there was increase in the concentration of Fe it is within the recommended Maximum Permissible Levels. The presence of heavy metals concentration above the permissible levels in cattle hides singed with scrap tires makes it unsafe for human consumption hence safer method should be adopted by the abattoirs.
- Innah Peter EBILOMA School of Applied Sciences, Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja Nigeria
- Nemile Victoria SHAIBU. (Mrs.) School of Applied Sciences, Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja Nigeria
References
1. Adam I, Okyere D, and Teye M. (2013). Assessment of Heavy Metal Residues in Hides of Goats Singed with Tyres, and the Effect of Boiling on the Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Hides, Journal of Verterinary Advances 3(5): 165-169.
2. Adegoke, G.O and Falade, G. O. (2005). Meat Quality. Journal of Food, A griculture and Environment, 3 (1): 87-90.
3. Adentunde, L. A., Glover, R. L. K., Oliver, A. W. and Samuel, T. (2011). Sources and Distribution of Microbial Contamination of Beef and Chevon in Navrongo, Kassena Nanka District of Upper East Region in Ghana. Journal of Animal Production Advances, 1(1): 21-28.
4. ATSDR (2014) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Air Pollution. Atlanta, United States of America.
5. Adeyemo, O. K. (2002). Unhygienic Operation of a City Abattoir in South Western Nigeria: Environmental Implication. African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management. 4(1): 23-28.
6. ASTM D3249-95 (2000). Standard Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Procedures
7. Agyei-Baffour, Kofi Boateng Sekyere, E. A. Addy(2013). Policy on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) and adherence to food preparation guidelines: a cross sectional survey of stakeholders in food service in Kumasi, Ghana. Medicine BMC Research Notes2011
8. Detlef A Birkholz , Kathy L Belton, Tee L Guidotti (2003). Toxicological evaluation for the hazard assessment of tire crumb for use in public playgrounds. Air Waste Manag Assoc 2003 Jul;53(7):903-7. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466221.
9. Bhattacharyya, S., & Hodler, R. (2009). Natural Resources, Democracy, and Corruption. European Economic Review, 54, 60621.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.10.004
10. Basel Convention Series, (1999). Identification and Management of Used Tyres SBC No. 99/008.
11. Boucher D, Elias P, Lininger K, May-Tobin C, Roquemore S, Saxon E. (2011). The Root of the Problem. What’s Driving Tropical Deforestation today? Union of Concerned Scientist; 2011.
12. Cecich V, Gonzales L, Hoisaeter A, Williams J and Reddy K. (1996). Waste Manag. Res. 14, 43
13. Donadini G, Spalla S, Beone GM (2008) Arsenic, cadmium and lead in beers from the Italian market. J Inst Brew 114: 283-288.
14. Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN (2007) Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int J Phys Sci 2: 112-118
15. Donkor E.S., Boniface B. Kayang, Jonathan Quaye and Moses L. Akyeh, (2009); Application of the WHO Keys of Safer Food to Improve Food Handling Practices of Food Vendors in a Poor Resource Community in Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, SSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
16. Frimpong, E. g., Boadi, I. D., Blay, E., Frimpong, R., Akligo, B. E., & Angmor, B. A. (2012). CSUCSpace.http://ir.csuc.edu.gh:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/78/APPRAISA L
17. Fini, E. H., D. Oldham and T. Abu-Lebdeh (2013). Synthesis and characterization Of bio modified rubber asphalt: Sustainable waste management solution for scrap Tire. Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation https://sustainability innovation.asu.edu/person/elham-fini
18. Merza Homady, Helmi Hussein, Anwar Jiries, Ali Mahasneh, Farah Al-Nasir, Khaled Khleifat (2022). Survey of Some Heavy Metals in Sediments from Vehicular Service Stations in Jordan and Their Effects on Social Aggression in Prepubertal Male Mice. Environmental Research Volume 89, Issue 1, May 2002, Pages 43-49
19. Duedu OK, Yarnie AE, Tetteh-Quarcoo BP, Attah KS, Donkor SE,Ayeh-Kumil FE (2014). A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in Fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Biomed Central Research. 2014; 7:836
20. Ekenma K, Anelon NJ and Ottah AA. (2015) Determination of the presence and concentration of heavy metal in cattle hides singed in Nsukka abattoir. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 7(1):9-17.
21. European Commission Regulation. (2006), Setting Maximum Levels for certain Contaminants in Foodstuff. Official Journal of the European Union, 364:5-24.
22. Finley JW (2004); Does environmental exposure to manganese pose a health risk to healthy adults? Nutr Rev 62: 148-153.
23. Conesa Juan A., Andres Fullana, Rafael Font (2000): Tire Pyrolysis Evolution of Volatile and Semi volatile Compounds, journal of Energy & Fuels, volume 14, pages 409-418
24. EPA, 2013a, The maximum reported value of EPA + DHA for wild fresh- as heavy metals, pesticides and radionuclides https://www.scribd.com/document/623822356/EPA-2013a.
25. Ezebilo, E.E. (2013) Nature Conservation in Cross River National Park, South-East Nigeria: Promoting Collaboration between Local People and Conservation Authorities. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, 9, 215-224.
26. Frimpong S, Gebresenbet G, Bosona T,Bobobee E, Aklauku E, Hamdu I. (2012). Animal supply and logistics activities of abattoir chain in developing countries: The case of Kumasi Abattoir, Ghana. Journal of Service Science and Management. 5:20 27
27. Paul M. Lemieux, Christopher C. Lutes, Dawn A. Santoianni, (2004). Emissions of organic Air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 1–32
28. Risk Management Authority (2011) Framework for Risk Assessment, Management and Evaluation. Retrievedfrom: https://www.rma.scot/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/FRAME_policy.pd
29. Resource Management Amendment Act (2013) - Legislation Sep 3, 2013 · Resource Management Amendment Act 2013 Contents 1 Title 2 Commencement 3 Principal Act Part 1 Amendments
30. Ronald E. Baynes, Ernest Hodgson (2004). Absorption and Distribution of Toxicants Book Editor(s): Ernest Hodgson First published: 30 January 2004 htps://doi.org/10.1002/0471646776.ch6
31. Morgan G I Langille , Jesse Zaneveld, J Gregory Caporaso, Daniel McDonald, Dan Knights, Joshua A Reyes, Jose C Clemente, Deron E Burkepile, Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Rob Knight, Robert G Beiko, Curtis Huttenhower, (2013). Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Sep; 31(9):814-21.doi: 10.1038/nbt.2676. Epub 2013 Aug 25.
32. Komyo Eto , Masumi Marumoto , Motohiro Takeya (2010). The pathology of methyl mercury poisoning (Minamata disease): The 50th Anniversary of Japanese Society of Neuropathology. Neuropathology. 2010 Oct; 30(5):471-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01119.x.
33. Lederman, J.S. (2008). An oral assessment of young children’s views of science [CVS]. Unpublished document. Illinois Institute of Technology.
34. R. A. Tripath, S. C. Ashawa and R. N. Khandekar, “Atmospheric Deposition of pb, cd, cu and zinc in Bombay, India,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1993, pp. 269-273.
35. Paul M Lemieux , Christopher C Lutes, Dawn A Santoianni , (2004)., Emissions of organic Air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review, Progress in energy And combustion science, Volume 30, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-32
36. Obiri-Danso K, Hogah JN, Antwi-Agyei P (2008), Assessment of contamination of singed hides from cattle and goats by heavy metals in Ghana. Afr. Sci. Technol. 2(8)217-221
37. Obiri-Danso K, Hogarh JN and Antwi-Agyei P. Assessment of Contamination of Singed Hides from Cattle and Goats by Heavy Metals in Ghana. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2008, 2(8): 217-221
38. Shakya, RP, Shrestha, P, Tamrakar, SC, Bhattarai, KP. Studies on potential emission Of hazardous gases due to uncontrolled open-air burning of waste vehicle tyres and Their possible impacts on the environment. Journal of Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(26):6555–6559.
39. Gautam P, Irfan A (2011). Heavy metals contamination assesment of Kanhargaon Dam water near Chhindwara city. Acta Chim. Pharm. Indica: 1(1), 7-9.
40. Hang X, Wang H, Zhou J, Maa C, Du C et al. (2009) Risk assessment of Potentially toxic element pollution in soils and rice (Oryza sativa) in a typical Area of the Yangtze River delta. Environ Pollut 157: 2542-2549.
41. Karagiannidis A. and T. Kasampalis (2010). Resource recovery from end-of-life tyres in Greece: a field survey, state-of-art and trends.Waste Management & Research. 2010;28(6):520-532. doi:10.1177/0734242X09341073 Volume 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09341073
42. Reschner K (2008) Scrap tyre recycling: a summary of prevalent disposal and recycling methods, Tech. rep. http://www.entireengineering.de/Scrap_Tyre_Recycling.pdf. Accessed Aug 2016
43. Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollution 152: 686-692.
44. ECR 2006 Congress Preview Health Management, Volume 6 - Issue 2, 2006
45. USDA (2006) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 10th Edition, United States... https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje. USDA (2006) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 10th Edition, United States Department of Agriculture, NRCS Soil Conservation Service, Washington DC.
46. Paul M. Lemieuxa,, Christopher C. Lutesb , Dawn A. Santoianni(2004). Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 1–32
47. J.M. Schure, V.J. Ingram, M.S. Sakho-Jimbira, P. Levang, K.F. Wiersum (2013). Formalisation of charcoal value chains and livelihood outcomes in West and Central Africa. https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/ Forest and Nature Conservation Policy WASS Research output.
48. Mashi S. A, Yaro S.A and P. N. Eyong P.N. (2005) Manag. Environ. Qual. 16, 71. http://www. Research studies into airpollution.htm Accessed 15th November, (2015).
49. Mariève Pouliot, Thorsten Treue, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Boureima Ouedraogo (2012).Deforestation and the limited contribution of forests to rural livelihoods in West Africa: evidence from Burkina Faso and Ghana. 2012 Nov; 41(7):738-50. doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0292-3. Epub 2012 Jun 5.
50. Mena C, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC (1996) Cadmium levels in wine, beer and other alcoholic beverages: possible sources of contamination. Sci Total Environ 181: 201-208.
51. Mensah, G. A., Roth, G. A.,and Fuster, V. (2019). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: 2020 and beyond. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(20), 2529-2532.
52. Mark R. Montgomery (2008). The Urban Transformation of the Developing World. Science 319, 761 (2008); DOI: 10.1126/science.1153012
53. Mojares, Juvy G. urbanization and its effect in the calabarzon area, Philippines. Journal Of Global Intelligence & Policy
54. Pizzol M, Christensen P, Schmidt J, Thomsen M (2011) Impacts of “metals” on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). J Cleaner Production 19: 646-656.
55. ASTM E1999-18 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Cast Iron by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry
56. ASTM International - ASTM D3249-95 (2000). Standard Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Procedures
57. Silva ALO, Barrocas PRG, Jacob SC, Moreira JC (2005) Daily intake and health effects of selected toxic elements. Braz J Plant Physiol 17: 79-93. 8. Food Safety Authority of Ireland (2009) Mercury, lead, cadmium, tin and arsenic in food. Toxicol factsheet series, Dublin, Ireland.
58. Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) | FDA, 2013., FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food
59. U.S. EPA (2014b). Introduction to Indoor Air Quality [Collections and Lists]. US EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality
60. Uriu-Admas Y, Keen L (2005) Copper, oxidative stress and human health.
61. Mol Aspect Med 26: 268-298.
62. USDA, (2006) Foreign Agricultural Services, GAIN Report; Global GAIN Report No. CH6064, Chinese People’s Republic of FAIRS products. Specific Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods. Jim Butterworth and Wu Bugang. 1-60
63. World Health Organization (WHO) (1996). International Standards of Drinking Water, Geneva
64. World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage https://www.afro.who.int/publications/world-health.
65. Yorifuji T, Kashima S, Tsuda T, Ishikawa-Takata K, Ohta T, Tsuruta K, et al. 2013. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke and lung cancer in Shizuoka, Japan. Sci Total Environ 443:397–402.
66. Kogi State of Nigeria (2022). Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
67. Yiougo, L.S.A., Oyedotun, T. D. T., Some, C. Y. C and Da, E. C. D. (2013) Urban cities and waste generation in developing countries: A GIS evaluation of two cities in Burkina Faso. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, V. 7, n.2, p. 280 – 285. ISSN 1982-3932. https://doi.org/10.4090/juee. 2013.7:2. 28-285. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189198
68. Ziadat A, Sood E. An environmental impact assessment of the open burning of scrap tires. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2014; 14(21):2695-2703.
69. Leo C. Zulu, Robert B. Richardson (2013). Charcoal, livelihoods, and poverty reduction: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 17, Issue 2, April 2013, Pages 127-137
Innah Peter EBILOMA and Nemile Victoria SHAIBU. (Mrs.), "Assessment of Heavy Metal Residues in Hides of animals Singed with Tyres, and Public Health Implications Associated with such Practice in Lokoja Metropolis" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.12 issue 4, April 2023, pp.18-29 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12403
Eliminating hazards on construction sites has been a challenge for small and medium-sized contractors. This has contributed to the high rate of incidents that have resulted in injuries, emotional stress, and even fatalities among construction artisans. To avoid these incidences on construction sites, hazards need to be easily identified by these workers. This study sought to analyse hazards that artisans in small and medium-sized construction firms in Ghana are exposed to during project delivery. A cross-sectional design was adopted in this study. In total, one hundred and twenty (120) construction artisans were involved in the study. Data analysis revealed that several hazards exist on construction sites, and experienced workers are more likely to identify hazardous situations on construction sites than inexperienced workers. The study categorized the identified hazards on construction sites into task-induced, site-induced, and human-induced hazards. Most of the identified hazards were related to task-induced hazards. Even though contractors implement measures to eliminate hazards, most of these measures are geared towards making the working space safe rather than addressing hazards that occur during the performance of tasks. It was recommended that teamwork and collaboration among workers be encouraged to ensure safe and hazard-free sites during project execution. It was also recommended that contractors allocate resources to tackle hazards that occur during the performance of tasks and provide psychological training and counselling for their skilled workers.
- Emmanuel Asiedu Department of Building Technology, Takoradi Technical University, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
- Frederick Owusu Danso Department of Building Technology, Takoradi Technical University, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
- Gloria Osei-Poku Department of Building Technology, Takoradi Technical University, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
- Andrew Nii Nortey Dowuona Department of Building Technology, Takoradi Technical University, P. O. Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
References
1. Danish Trade Union Development Agency (2022). Online Available: https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/ghana-construction-and-infrastructure. Last published date: 2022-07-22
2. Egmond, E., Erkelens, P., (2007). Technology and Knowledge Transfer for Capacity Building in the Ghanaian Construction Building. In Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 1393–1405. 14–17 May 2007
3. Boadu, E. F., Wang, C. C., Sunindijo, R. Y., (2020). Characteristics of the Construction Industry in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Health and Safety: An Exploratory Study in Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No.11, 4110.
4. Chi, S., Han, S., (2013). Analyses of System Theory for Construction Accident Prevention with Specific Reference to OSHA Accident Reports. International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 31, 1027-1041.
5. Feng, Y., Teo, E. A. L., Ling, F. Y. Y., Low, S. P., (2014). Exploring the Interactive Effects of Safety Investments, Safety Culture and Project Hazard on Safety Performance: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 32, 932 – 943.
6. Sousa, V., Almeida, N. M., Dias, L. A., (2014). Risk-based Management of Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry – Part 1: Background Knowledge. Safety Science, 66, 75 – 86. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.02.008
7. Li, Q., Ji, C., Yuan, J., Han, R., (2017). Developing Dimensions and Key Indicators for the Safety Climate within China’s Construction Teams: A Questionnaire Survey on Construction Sites in Nanjing. Safety Science, 93, 266 – 276.
8. Hämäläinen, P., Takala, J., Kiat, T. B. (2017). Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Work-related Illnesses. Workplace Safety and Health Institute.
9. Hoła, B., Szóstak, M., (2014). Analysis of the Development of Accident Situations in the Construction Industry. Procedia Engineering, 91, 429-434.
10. Tobias, M., (2022). Importance of Identifying Hazardous Materials in Construction Sites. Online Available: https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/importance-of-identifying-hazardous-materials-in-construction-sites.
11. Hola, B., (2010). Methodology of hazards identification in construction work course. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. Vol. 16, No.4: 577–585
12. Mihić, M. (2020). Classification of construction hazards for a Universal Hazard Identification methodology. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. Vol. 26 Issue 2: 147–159
13. Jannadi, O. A., Bu-Khamsin, M. S., (2002). Safety factors considered by industrial contractors in Saudi Arabia. Building and Environment. Vol. 37, No.5, 539-547. 2002
14. Aw, T. C., Gardiner, K., Harrington, J. M., Whitaker, S., Jackson, C. A., Ahmed, S. M., Hitchins. J. (2007). Occupational Health. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
15. Carter, G., Smith, S. D., (2006). Safety hazard identification on construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 132, No.2, 197–205. 2006 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:2(197)
16. Salim, S. M., Romli, F. I., Besar, J., Aminian, N. O., (2017). A Study on Potential Physical Hazards at Construction Sites. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 1, 207-222.
17. Mohamed, H. A. (2017). Occupational Hazards and their Relation with Health Problems among Construction Building Workers at El Sherouk City. American Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 96-103.
18. Fatonade O. O., Allotey, S. E., (2016). An Assessment of Health Hazards in the Ghanaian Building Industry: sources and preventive measures. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). Vol. 5 No. 07, 239-247. 2016.
19. Abdelhamid, T. S., Everett, J. G., (2000). Identifying root causes of construction accidents. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 126, No.1, 52–60. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2000)126:1(52)
20. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU) (2017). Occupational Health and Safety – chemical exposure. www.sbu.se. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06.
21. Cherrie, J., Semple, S., Coggins, M., (2021). An Introduction to Physical Agents. Doi.org/10.1002/9781119615019.ch19.
22. Ekpenyong, C. E. (2016). Risk of Dehydration among Construction Workers in Relation to Job Task and Personal Risk Factors. Italian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 7 No. 2: Pp. 56-114.
23. Hatami, S. E., Khanjani, N., Alavinia, S. M., Ravandi, M. R. G., (2017). Injuries and their burden in insured construction workers in Iran, 2012. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. Vol. 24, No. 1: Pp. 89-96.
24. Mustajbegović, J., (2008). Workplace Hazards. In: Kirch, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Public Health. Springer, Dordrecht. 2008 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_3783
25. A. Joshi, S. Kale, S. Chandel, D. K. Pal. Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology. Vol. 7, No. 4 396-403, 2015. 10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
26. Auma, E., (2014). Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in Kenya: A Survey of Low-Rise Buildings in Nairobi Central Business District. The International Journal of Business & Management, Vol. (12) Retrieved from: https://internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijbm/article/view/138055
27. Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional Studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology. Vol. 61, No. 3:261-4. doi 10.4103/0019-5154.182410. PMID: 27293245; PMCID: PMC4885177.
28. Üstun, T. B., Chatterji, S., Mechbal, A., Murray, C., (2005). Quality assurance in surveys: Standards, guidelines and procedures. Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries, 199–230.
29. Sudjiton, T., Haselman, M., Suratman, P., Baharuddin, A., (2015). Institutional Actors Role in the Pillar Regulative Spatial Policy Implementation in District Wangi-Wangi Wakatobi. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 10, (11-15). ISSN 2250-3153.
30. Ghana Statistical Service, (2021). Online Available from: www.census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/dissemination.
31. Roksana, K., (2018). Women in Male-Dominated Industry: The Construction Industry: A Study of Women's Disinterest, Professional Social Barriers, Walkout from Construction Industry. Retrieved from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-2904unpublished
32. S. Laryea, S. Mensah. Health and safety on construction sites in Ghana. Construction, Building and Real Estate Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. COBRA 2010
33. O. O. Fatonade and S. E. Allotey. An Assessment of Health Hazards in the Ghanaian Building Industry: sources and preventive measures. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). Vol. 5 Issue 07, 239-247. 2016.
34. S. Hussain, S., Xuetong, W., Hussain, T. (2020). Impact of Skilled and Unskilled Labor on Project Performance Using Structural Equation Modeling Approach. SAGE Open, Vol. 10, No.1, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020914590
35. Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows, London, Sage Publication, USA.
36. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2017). Online Available: https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2017-02-vitalsigns.pdf.
37. Roth. C. L., (2012). The Hazard of poor lighting in the workplace. Health and Safety international. Ergoworld.com.
38. Incolink (2019). Incolink Apprentice Guide. Online available: https://d7kulbmmtvghi.cloudfront.net/images/Downloads/incolink-apprentice-guide.pdf.
39. Chong, D., Yu, A., Su, H., Zhou, Y., (2022). The Impact of Emotional States on Construction Workers’ Recognition Ability of Safety Hazards Based on Social Cognitive Neuroscience. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 13:895-929. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895929
40. AlDhaen, E., (2022). Awareness of occupational health hazards and occupational stress among dental care professionals: Evidence from the GCC region. Frontiers in Public Health. 01-10. 10:922748. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.922748
41. Kanamori, H., Rutala, W. A., Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., Weber, D. J., (2015). Review of fungal outbreaks and infection prevention in healthcare settings during construction and renovation. Clin Infect Dis. Vol. ;61, No. 3 433-44. 2015
42. Blair, J. E., Chang, Y. H., Ruiz, Y., Duffy, S., Heinrich, B. E., Lake, D. F., (2014). Distance from construction site and risk for coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. Vol. 20(9):1464-71.
43. Gerardi. J. (2021). Online Available: https://proest.com/construction/process/construction-sites/
44. Enshassi, A., Kochendoerfer, B., Rizq, E. (2014). An evaluation of environmental impacts of construction projects. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción RIC, Vol 29 No. 3: Pp. 234-254.
45. Princeton University. Office of Environmental Health and Safety. (2023). Online Available: https://ehs.princeton.edu/node/180.
46. National Safety Council, (2023). Online Available: https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/fatigue/fatigue-reports.
Emmanuel Asiedu, Frederick Owusu Danso, Gloria Osei-Poku, Andrew Nii Nortey Dowuona, "Analysis of Hazards on Building Construction Sites: A Survey of Construction Artisans in Small and Medium-sized Construction Firms in Ghana" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.12 issue 4, April 2023, pp.30-40 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12404
This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy excitation control model to enhance the rotor angle stability of synchronous generators. The proposed model combines the advantages of both neural networks and fuzzy logic control to improve the performance of the excitation system. The proposed model is designed to regulate the excitation system to generate the required reactive power and maintain the synchronous operation of the generator. The proposed model is tested on a single-machine infinite-bus power system, and the results are compared with a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The simulation results demonstrate that the neuro-fuzzy excitation control model provides better performance than the PI controller in terms of transient stability, damping oscillations, and response to disturbances. The proposed model also shows robustness against changes in system parameters and different operating conditions. The results of this study suggest that the neuro-fuzzy excitation control model can be a suitable alternative to conventional PI controllers in enhancing the rotor angle stability of synchronous generators.
- Asanya.O.N
- Uju.I.U.
- S.E.Abonyi
- Ozor.G.O
References
1. Akhtar, M. J., Ikram, M., Abid, M., & Abid, M. (2019). Neuro-fuzzy excitation control model for enhancement of rotor angle stability of synchronous generator. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 30(2), 246-254. doi: 10.1007/s40313-018-0454-8
2. Ahmed, S., Li, Y., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2019). Neuro-fuzzy-PSS-based controller for multi-machine power system stability enhancement. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 13(16), 3641-3649. doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0359
3. Al-Durra, A., Atkinson, D. J., & Ertugrul, N. (2019). Neuro-fuzzy excitation control for wind power integrated synchronous generator stability enhancement. Electric Power Systems Research, 176, 105930. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105930
4. Agrawal, S. C., & Bhattacharya, K. (2016). A neuro-fuzzy control approach for automatic generation control of multi-area power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 83, 62-70.
5. Alavi, S. M. H., & Shahsavari, M. (2015). Neuro-fuzzy excitation control for improving dynamic stability of multi-machine power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 71, 147-154.
6. Arabi, A., & Shayanfar, H. A. (2015). Design of neuro-fuzzy controller for STATCOM to enhance transient stability of power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 73, 1-11.
7. Boucherit, M. S., & Salhi, H. (2014). Neuro-fuzzy control of power system oscillations using local signals. Electric Power Systems Research, 107, 154-163.
8. Cheng, C. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2015). Design of neuro-fuzzy controller for static VAR compensator to enhance dynamic stability of power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 73, 347-356.
9. Das, D., Sahoo, S. K., & Panigrahi, B. K. (2018). Neuro-fuzzy excitation control for dynamic stability improvement of power system. Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, 5(3), 452-462. doi: 10.1016/j.jesit.2018.04.001
10. Ghofrani, M., & Bevrani, H. (2013). Neuro-fuzzy excitation control design for a synchronous generator based on particle swarm optimization. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 44(1), 517-529.
11. Kachroo, P., & Tomizuka, M. (2014). Adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of power systems: A review. Electric Power Systems Research, 113, 341-354.
12. Li, J., Zou, X., & Xie, Y. (2018). Design of a neuro-fuzzy controller for synchronous generator in multi-machine power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33(1), 962-971. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2717678
13. Li, J., & Tang, Y. (2015). Design of neuro-fuzzy controller for improving dynamic stability of multi-machine power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 72, 55-62.
14. Li, Y., Li, J., & Wang, J. (2015). Neuro-fuzzy controller design for power system stabilizer. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 67, 196-204.
15. Mahmoud, M. S., & El-Khazali, R. K. (2013). Dynamic performance enhancement of power systems using neuro-fuzzy-based power system stabilizers. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 44(1), 547-555.
16. Nasirian, V., Niknam, T., & Azizipanah-Abarghooee, R. (2014). Neuro-fuzzy control approach for coordinated design of PSS and TCSC in multi-machine power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 54, 139-151.
17. Niknam, T., Moeini-Aghtaie, M., & Azizipanah-Abarghooee, R. (2013). Neuro-fuzzy-based PSS and SVC design for multi-machine power systems using bacterial foraging optimization algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research, 97, 167-179.
18. Ray, P. K., & Chakrabarti, R. (2014). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-based approach for dynamic stability analysis of power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 57, 90-98.
19. Salhi, H., & Boucherit, M. S. (2015). Neuro-fuzzy damping controller design for multi-machine power systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 118, 62-73.
Asanya.O.N, Uju.I.U., S.E.Abonyi, Ozor.G.O, "Enhancing Rotor Angle Stability of Synchronous Generators Using Neuro-Fuzzy Excitation Control Model" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.12 issue 4, April 2023, pp.41-49 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12405