Abstract
Abstract: Soil moisture balance from okra (abelmoschus esculentus) field was performed on experimental plot of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Joseph Sanwuan Tarka University Makurdi -Nigeria. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted on four okra cultivars planted and irrigated by drip system at different levels (80% (I1), 60% (I2), 45% (I3), and 15% (I4)) according to the agronomic practices of okra. Decision Support System for agro technology Transfer (DSSAT) model for the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES) was used to model soil moisture balance by linear regression (multivariate analysis of variance, (MANOVA)) and validated. The soil was sandy loam with high field capacity (FC) at I4 and nearly uniform drainage (D) except for I4.. Runoff (R) decreases from 35.71 for I1 to 0.07 for I4 implying that R, D and change in water storage (∆S) are functions of the amount and duration of irrigation. The models reported an acceptable deviation from the ideal line of the R and ∆S at higher values confirming degree of the correlation between the observed and predicted dataset but experienced difficulties with estimating lower values due to lower magnitudes in irrigation. From the foregoing it is concluded that decreasing water application results in an increase in irrigation and the reverse is also true.
References
Pereira F.L. Gash J.H.C., David J.S., David T.S., Monteiro P.R. Valente F(2009) Modelling interception loss from evergreen oak Mediterranean savannas: Application of a tree-based modelling approach Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Volume 149, Issues 3–4, 11 March 2009, Pages 680-688
Pereira L.S (2017). Water, Agriculture and Food: Challenges and Issues," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer; European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 31(10), pages 2985-2999, DOI 10.1007/s11269-017-1664Porporato, 2005
Jovanovic N., Musvoto C., de Clercq W.P, Pienaar C., Petja B., Zairi A., Hanafi S., Ajmi T., Mailhol J.C, Cheviron B., Albasha R., Solomon H., Yazew E, Kifle M., Yohannes D.F., Aregay G., Habtegebreal K., Gebrekiros A., Woldu V and Froebrich J (2018) A Comparative Analysis of Yield Gaps and Water Productivity on Smallholder Farms in Ethiopia, South Africa and Tunisia: Comparative Analysis of Yield Gaps and Water Productivity March 2018 Irrigation and Drainage 69(2) DOI: 10.1002/ird.2238
Mallareddy M., Thirumalai kumar R., Balasubramanian P., Naseeruddin R. Nithya N., Mariadoss A., Eazhilkrishna N., Choudhary A.K., Deiveegan M, Subramanian E., Padmaja B and. Vijayakumar S (2023) Maximizing Water Use Efficiency in Rice Farming: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Irrigation Management Technologies. Water 2023, 15(10), 1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101802
Gavrilescu M. (2021). Water, Soil, and Plants Interactions in a Threatened Environment. Water 2021, 13(19), 2746; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192746
Rodriguez-Iturbe I, and Porporato A. (2005). Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, pp: 460.
Lesk C., Anderson W., Rigden A., Coast O., Jägermeyr J., McDermid S., Davis F.F and Konar M (2022). Compound heat and moisture extreme impacts on global cropyields under climate change Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3(12):872–889 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-022-00368-8
Costa-Cabral M.C, Richey J E, Goteti G, Lettenmaier DP, Feldkotter C, Snidvongs A. (2008). Landscape structure and use, climate, and water 489 movement in the Mekong River basin. Hydrological Processes, 22: 1731-1746.
Naorem N., Jayaraman. S, Dang Y.P., Dalal R.C., Sinha N.K., Rao Ch. S and Patra A.K (2023) Soil Constraints in an Arid Environment—Challenges, Prospects, and Implications. Agronomy 2023, 13(1), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010220
Amilcare P, Edoardo D, and Ignacio R, (2004) Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change. Am. Nat. 2004. Vol. 164, pp. 625–632.
Ridolfi L., D'Odorico P., Porporato A. and Rodriguez-Iturbe I. (2000) Impact of climate variability on the vegetation water stress Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 105(D14):18013-18026 DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900206
Smith, M. (2000) Optimizing Crop Production and Crop Water Management under Reduced Water Supply. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, 20 p;
Foley J.A., Ramankutty N., Brauman K.A., Cassidy E.S., Gerber J.S. Johnston M., Mueller N.D., O’Connell C., Ray D.K., West P.C., Balzer C., Bennett E.M., Carpenter S.R., Hill J. , Monfreda C. , Polasky S. , Rockström J., Sheehan J., Siebert S. , Tilman D. , Zaks D.P.M. (2011). Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, 478 (2011), pp. 337-342, 10.1038/nature10452
Stringer C., Fraser E.D.G., Harris D., Lyon C., Pereira L., Ward C.F.M. Simelton E. (2020). Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers, Environmental Science & Policy Volume 104, February 2020, Pages 174-189
Mobolade T.D. and Pourvahidi P (2022) Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria. Sustainability 12(10):4192 DOI: 10.3390/su12104192
Ologunorisa E.T and Tor T. (2006). The Changing Rainfall Pattern and Its Implication for Flood Frequency in Makurdi, Northern Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 10 (3): 97 – 102.
Abah R C. (2013) An application of Geographic Information System in mapping flood risk zones in a north central city in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 7(6), pp. 365-371, June 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST12.182 ISSN 1996-0786 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST
Adaikwu, A. O., Obi, M. E., and Ali, A. (2012). Assessment of degradation Status of Soils in Selected areas of Benue State, Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, 22 (1):171-180.
Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds. (2024)]. Projected Climatic Trends and their Environmental Impact on Agriculture Productivity in Makurdi Nigeria. Available from. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Pp. 2 –33.[22] BN [accessed Jun 24 2024].
Walstra, J., Heyvaert, V. M. A. and Verkinderen, P. (2007), Mapping the alluvial landscapes of Lower Khuzestan (SW Iran), in Smith, M. J., Paron, P. and Griffi th, J. S. (eds.), Geomorphological mapping: a professional handbook of techniques and applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Mbah, C.N. (2012) Determining the Field Capacity, Wilting point and Available Water Capacity of some Southeast Nigerian Soils using Soil Saturation from Capillary Rise. Nig J. Biotech. Vol. 24 (2012) 41-47 ISSN: 0189 17131 Available online at www.biotechsocietynigeria.org.
Tolk, J.A. Soils, permanent wilting points. Water Sci. 2003, 92, 927–929. [Google Scholar]
Simalenga TE (ed) (1994). Participatory Research and Development of Agricultural Engineering Technologies. Proceedings of AGROTEC Onfarm Trials regional workshop held in Embu, Kenya
Hillel D (2004) Introduction to environmental soil physics. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam/ Boston/ Heidelberg/ London/New York/Oxford/Paris/San Diego/San Francisco/Singapore/Sydney/Tokyo
Tiwari K N, Mal P K, Singh R M and Chattopadhyay A. (1998). Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) to drip irrigation under mulch and non-mulch conditions. Agricultural Water Management 38: 91–10
Bahadur A, Singh K P, Rai A, Verma J and Rai M (2009) Physiological and yield response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) to irrigation scheduling and organic mulching. Available from: Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79 (10): 813–15, October 2009 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215925787 [accessed Jul 09 2024].
Steduto, P., Hsiao, T.C., Fereres, E. and Raes, D., (2012). Crop yield response to water (Vol. 1028, p. 99). Rome, Italy: FAO.
Carr M.K.V. (2011). The water realtion and irrigation requirements of oil palm (elaeis gueneenisis): A Review. Experimental Agriculture, 47(4); 629-652. Doi;10.1017/s0014479711000494
Hashim M.A.A., Naima Siam., Ali A Aldosari K.A. Al-Gaadi, V.C. Patil, Elkamil Tola, Rangaswamy Madugundu and M.S. Samdani (2012) Determination of Water Requirement and Crop water productivity of Crops Grown in the Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia Australian Journal Of Basic And Applied Sciences 6(9):196-206