Abstract
Abstract -The concentration of CO2 in atmosphere is increase gradually, CO2 as greenhouse gas has impact to the climate change. It’s mostly CO2 gas come from the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels release more carbon dioxide compared to the renewable energy. The concentration of CO2 in atmosphere nowadays is double to the concentration of CO2 before the industrial age. Reducing the entering of CO2 gas into atmosphere by substitution of fuel with low carbon contain and renewables energy are necessary. Energy mixed has been dominated with fossil energy, the CO2 emissions are still high. Energy mixed with more renewable and less fossil fuels energy should be designed for the next scenario. Energy mixed formula is depend on the availability of energy source.
References
Anon1, 2015. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 2015.
Lindsey, R. 2022. Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. June 23,2022. https://climate. gov/media/13611.
Anon2, 2022. Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, 3 June 2022.
Kirtman, B., Power, S.B., Adedoyin, J.A., Boer, G.J., Bojarin, R., Camilloni, I., Doblas Reyes, F.J., Fiore, A.M., Kimoto, M., Meehl, G.A. et al. Chapter 11: Near-Term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability. Clim.Change. 2013. Phys. Sci. Basis. Contrib. Work. Gr.I to Fifth Assess. Rep. Intergov. Panel 6. Clim.Chang.2013, No. June,953-1028.
EPA, 2013. U.S. EPA. Report on the 2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Decontamination Research and Development Conference. Research Triangle Park, NC, November 05 - 07, 2013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-14/210, 2014.
Zhai,Y., Wang,S. and Chuang,S. 2019. The nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Adsorbed CO2 and H2O on Solid Amines in CO2 Capture. Catalysis Series, 36, 503-526.
Anon-3, 2023. Fossil CO2 emissions at record high in 2023. GCB Data Hub. Future Earth. Published on 4 December 2023. https://globalcarbonatlas.org.
Anon-4, 2023. Environment. Carbon dioxide Emissions Coefficients.- U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) “(https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/)”. www.eia.gov. Release, September 7, 2023.
Hotinski, R. 2006. The ImpEE project. Stabilisation Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the next 50 years with current Technologies. CMI Information Officer, Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, hotinski@princeton.edu. http://www.princeton.edu/-cmi.
Kopp, O.C. 2024. Fossil fuel. The encyclopaedia Britanica. Updated June 24, 2024
Ritchie, H. and Rosado, P. 2024. Fossil fuels. Energy, Fossil Fuels, Last revised in January 2024.
Anon-5. Hydropower Basics. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Waterpower Technologies Office. 2022 – 2023.
Anon-6. Renewable Energy Powering a safer future for all. Climat Action. https://www.un.org/sg/en/cogenerals-statement-the-conclusion-of-the-opening-session-of-the-leaders.
Islam, M.R. 2015. Unconventional Gas Reservoirs: Evaluation, Appraisal, and Development. Trans Canada Training. Elsevier 2015.
Chowdhury, T.S., Mohsin, F.T., Tonni, M.M., Mita, M.N.H. and Ehsan, M.M. 2023. A critical review on gas turbine cooling performance and failure analysis of turbine blades. International J. Thermofluids, vol. 18: 100329, doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100329
Anon-7, Biomass energy, National geographic education, Retrived 2024-07-10
Tumuluru, J.S., Sokhansan, S., Hess, J.R. and Wright, C.T. 3011. A Review on Biomass Torrefaction Process and Product Properties for Energy Applications. Industrial Biotechnology 7(5):384-401, DOI:10.1089/ind.2011.7.384.
Wang, G., Dai,Y., Yang, H., Xiong,Q.,Wang,K.,Jinsong Zhou,J., Li,Y. and Wang,S. 2020. A Review of Recent Advances in Biomass Pyrolysis. Energy Fuels 2020, 34, 12, 15557–15578Publication Date: November 16, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03107.
Grande, L., Pedroarena, I., Korili, S.A. and Gil,A.. 2021. Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass as One of the Most Promising Alternatives for the Synthesis of Advanced Liquid Biofuels: A Review. Materials (Basel). 2021 Sep; 14(18): 5286, doi: 10.3390/ma14185286
Robbiani,Z. 2013. Hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste/fecal sludge; Canception and construction of a HTC prototype research unit for developing countries. Master Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering ETHZ.
Mathanker, A., Das,S.,Pudasainee,D., Munir,M., Kumar,A. and Gupta,R. 2021. A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction Solvents. Energies 2021, 14(16), 4916; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164916
Awasthi,M.K. Sar, T Gows,S.C., Rajendran,K., Kumar,V., Sarsaiya,S., Li,Y., Sindhu,R., Binod, P., Zhang, Z., Pandey, A., Taherzadeh, M.J. 2023. A comprehensive review on thermochemical, and biochemical conversion methods of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable end product. Fuel, vol. 342, 127790, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127790.
Atkin,O. 2017. Plants release more carbon dioxide into atmosphere than expected, Australian National University, 18 Nov. 2017
Anon-8. Renewable energy-powering a safer future. Climate Action. https://www.ipcc.ch/2020/07/31/energy-climatechallenge/
Trevino, C. and Alatorre, O. Advantages & Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy. http://gvctemp18.virtualclassroom.org/Nenergyadva.htm. Retrieve 05-01-2008
Marsh, J. 2022. Wind farms advantages and disadvantages. Environment. September 29, 2022. https::/fuel%20lower%20carbon/Non%20carbon%20fuels/Wind%20tunnel/Wind%20Farms%20Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages%20-%20Environment%20Co.pdf.
Anon-9. Hydroelectric Energy. National Geographic, Chipman, A. 2022. An Overview of Indonesian’s Geothermal Energy Sector. ASEAN BRIEFING, July 28, 2022.
Anon-10. What is Renewable energy?. Climate Action. (https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/Chapter-4- Geothermal-Energy-1.pdf).
Anon-11. Geothermal Basics. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Geothermal Technology Office.
Anon-12. Hydrogen – Energy for the Future. Bosch. https://:/fuel%20lower%20carbon/Non%20carbon%20 fuels/ Hydrogen/Hydrogen%20%E2%80%94%20energy%20for%20the%20future%20 %20Bosch%20Global.pdf.
Pareek,A., Dom,R., Gupta,J., Chandran,J., Adepu,V. and Borse,P.H. 2020. Insights into renewable hydrogen energy: Recent advances and prospects. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, vol. 3:pp. 319-327, doi: 10.1016/j.mset.2019.12.002
Anon-13. Green Hydrogen: The energy of the future Essential for Decarbonisation. Occiona, Green Hydrogen. Business as Usual. https:// acciona.com/green-hydrogen/?_adin=11734293023
Anon-14. Hydrogen production. Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki-hydrogen production/.
Blain, L. 2022. Record-breaking hydrogen electrolyzer claims 95% efficiency. 2024 Global Treat Report. New Atlas. https://newatlas.com/energy/hysata-efficient-hydrogen-electrolysis/
Jumali,J., Raharjo, H.B.,Anwar,K., Ismail,N.R. 2013. Pemanfaatan Ocean Wave Energy Sebagai Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Menggunakan Model Floating Piston. J. Ilmu-ilmu Teknik Mesin. October 2013 DOI: 10.31328/jp.v5i2.189 (https://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jp.v5i2.189)
Saraswati, A.W. 2023. Ocean wave as a energy Source. https:// greeneration.org/en/publication.
Khan,N., Kalair,A., Abas,N., Haider,A. 2017. Review of ocean tidal, wave and thermal energy technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 72: 590-604. Doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.079
Anon-15. What is Renewable energy?. Climate Action. (https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/Chapter-3-Direct-Solar-Energy-1.pdf
Wu, J. and Ren,J. 2012. Research and Application of Solar energy Photovoltaic-Thermal Technology. In: Solar power. Eds: Rugescu, R.D. DOI: 10.5772/27897
Gross,S. 2020. Why are fossil fuels so hard to quit?. June 2020.
Anon-16. Electricity explained. Electricity in the United States. US Energy Information Administration. Last Updated June 30, 2023
Anon-17. Electrical Energy and power. Current Electricity. https://physics/electrical-energy-and-power.
Anon-18. Carbon Emissions of Different Fuels. Tools and Resources. https://fuel%20lower%20 carbon/Degree %20 carbon%20emission/Carbon%20emissions%20of%20different%20fuels%20-%20Forest%20Research.pdf.
Anon-19. Global carbon emissions from fossil fuels reached record high in 2023. Stanford University, December 5, 2023.
Hotinski,R. 2004. Princeton Environment Institute “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the climate Problem for the next 50 years with current technology”. Science 13 August 2004, vol. 205, no, 5686,pp: 968-972.