In this paper, we presented a method for representing facial expressions by extracting texture features from Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern (CRLBP). Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern, which is resistant to noise and changes in lighting conditions, is used to generate consistent texture features. These features are then combined to create a feature vector that represents facial expressions. The suggested approach is assessed by conducting facial expression recognition using a standardized database like JAFFE. The process of identifying facial expressions is carried out by using a chi-square distance measure along with a nearest neighbor classifier. The findings from our experiment demonstrate that our method is more effective than other widely used LBP approaches.
- Nagaraja S. Department of Computer Science, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
References
1. Feng, X., Pietikainen, M., and Hadid, A.: Facial Expression Recognition based on Local Binary Patterns. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 592-598, 2007. 2. Tian, Y., Kanade, T., and Cohn, J.: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(2), pp. 97-115, 2001. 3. Cohen, I., Sebe, N., Garg, A. Chen L., and Huang, T.: Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modelling. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 91(1), pp. 160-187, 2003. 4. Bartlett, M., Littlewort, G., Frank, M., Lainscsek, C., Fasel, I., and Movellan, J.: Recognizing facial expression: machine learning and application to spontaneous behaviour. In proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2005, vol. 2, pp. 568-573, 2005. 5. Fasel, B., and Luettin, J.: Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, pp. 259-275, 2003. 6. G. Zhao and M. Pietikainen, “Experiments with Facial Expression Recognition using Spatiotemporal Local Binary Patterns”, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1091-1094,2007. 7. C. Shan, S. Gong, P.W. McOwan, “Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study”, Image and Vision Computing, 27, pp. 803-816, 2009. 8. S. Zhang, X. Zhao and B. Lei, “Facial Expression Recognition Based on Local Binary Patterns and Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis”, WSEAS Transaction on Signal Processing, vol. 8, Issue 1, pp.21-31, 2012. 9. Z. Ying, L. Cai, J. Gan and S. He, “Facial Expression Recognition with Local Binary Pattern and Laplacian Eigenmaps”, ICIC 2009, LNCS 5754, pp. 228-235, 2009. 10. X. Wu and J. Zhao, “Curvelet Feature Extraction for Face Recognition and Facial Expression Recognition”, Sixth International Conference on Natural Computation, vol. 3, pp. 1212-1216, 2010. 11. A. Saha and Q.M. Jonathan Wu, “Facial Expression Recognition using Curvelet based Local Binary Pattern”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 2470-2473, 2010. 12. Anirudha B Shetty, Bhoomika, Deeksha, Jeevan Rebeiro, Ramyashree, “Facial recognition using Haar cascade and LBP classifiers”, Global Transitions Proceedings, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 330-335,2021. 13. Padmashree G, Karunakar AK., “Improved LBP Face Recognition Using Image Processing Techniques”, In Joshi A, Mahmud M, Ragel RG, editors, Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies, ICTCS 2021- ICT: Applications and Social Interfaces. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp. 535-546, 2023. 14. Y. Zhao, W. Jia, R. Hu and H. Min, “Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern for texture classification”, Neurocomputing, 106, pp. 68-76, 2013. 15. Lyons, M., Kamachi, M., &Gyoba, J.,“The Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE)”, 1998. 16. S. Liao, W. Fan, Albert C. S. Chung and D. Yeung, “Facial Expression Recognition using Advanced Local Binary Patterns, TsallisEntropies and Global Appearance Features”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 665–668, 2006. 17. Nagaraja S., Prabhakar C.J. and Praveen Kumar P.U., “Complete Local Binary Pattern for Representation of Facial Expression based on Curvelet Transform”, International Conference on Multimedia Processing, Communication and Information Technology (MPCIT), published in ACEEE, pp.48-56, 2013. 18. Chakrabarti, D., and Dutta, D.,“Facial Expression Recognition Using Eigenspaces”, Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Intelligence: Modeling Techniques and Applications, Procedia Technology, vol. 10, pp. 755-761, 2013. 19. Zhao, X., and Zhang, S.,“Facial expression recognition using local binary patterns and discriminant kernel locally linear embedding”, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, pp. 1-9, 2012
Nagaraja S., "Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern Texture Descriptor for Classification of Facial Expression" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.01-07 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130101
In this paper, we presented a method for representing facial expressions by extracting texture features from Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern (CRLBP). Completed Robust Local Binary Pattern, which is resistant to noise and changes in lighting conditions, is used to generate consistent texture features. These features are then combined to create a feature vector that represents facial expressions. The suggested approach is assessed by conducting facial expression recognition using a standardized database like JAFFE. The process of identifying facial expressions is carried out by using a chi-square distance measure along with a nearest neighbor classifier. The findings from our experiment demonstrate that our method is more effective than other widely used LBP approaches.
- A. Muhammad Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- T. S. Bubuche Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- I. U. Mohammad Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- N. A. Gwandu Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
References
1. Anon (2018) Kebbi State Diary. 218 pp. 2. Ashok Kumar, A., B.V.S. Reddy, and K.L. Sahrawat. (2013). Biofortification for combating 3. Ashok Kumar, A., B.V.S. Reddy, K.L. Sahrawat, and B. Ramaiah. (2010). Combating micronutrient malnutrition: identification of commercial sorghum cultivars with high grain iron and zinc. J. SAT Agr. Res. 8 (1). 4. Awika, J. M., and L.W. Rooney. (2004). Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact 5. Bello M. S. (2006). Effect of spacing and Potassium on growth and yield of sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) LAM) in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. Unpublished M sc. Thesis Submitted to the Post graduate School of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.85pp. 6. Benson F. K., Beaman J. L. and Gitte S.S. (2013). West Africa Soghum bicolor Leaf-sheaths have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties in vitro. Journal of medicinal food.16(3):230-238 7. Doná A. A., Miranda G. V., De Lima R. O., Chaves L. G, e Gama E. E. G. (2012) Genetic parameters and predictive genetic gain in maize with modified recurrent selection method. Chilean J. Agric. Res. 72 1 8. FAOSTAT (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://wwwfaostat.org. 9. FAOSTAT (2016) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation) Year book, I.; 51:85. 10. Graham, R.D., D. Senadhira, S. Beebe, C. Iglesias, and I. Monasterio. (1999). Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field Crops Res. 60:57–80. 11. IBPGR and ICRISAT (1993). Descriptors for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Int. Board Plant Genet. Resour. Rome, Italy. – ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. 1-18pp. 12. ICRISAT. Am. J. Plant Sci. 2:589–600. 13. Newman Y, Erickson J, Vermerris W, Wright D (2010). Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): Overview and Management. University of Florida IFAS Extension http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu Nineties. Institute of Agricultural Research. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 14. NIMET (2017) Nigerian Meteorological Agency Report 15. Wright S. (1921). Systems of mating. Genetics, 6: 111-178 16. Zhao, Z. (2008). The Africa biofortified sorghum project applying biotechnology to develop nutritionally improved sorghum for Africa. p. 273–277
A. Muhammad, T. S. Bubuche, I. U. Mohammad and N. A. Gwandu, "Line X Tester for Enhanced Vitamin A and E in Sorghum Sorghum Bicolor L. Genotypes." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.08-12 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130102
Building structures on weak soils with low strength and high compressibility carries great risks. When poor quality soil is available at the construction site, the best option is to modify the properties of the soil.In this study carried out under laboratory conditions, clayey soil material was stabilized by using a mixture of rock dust and cement. Compaction and free compressive strength tests were carried out with the mixtures prepared for this purpose. Natural and modified clay soil samples were subjected to unconfined compressive tests after compaction at optimum moisture content. The results of the experimental investigation showed that the mixture of rock dust and cement increased the unconfined compressive strength. As a result, it was concluded that the rock dust and cement mixture additive can be successfully used to stabilize clayey soils in geotechnical applications.
- Ekrem Kalkan Department of Civil Engineering, Ataturk University, Engineering Faculty, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Geological Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
References
1. Abdullah, W.S., Al-Abadi, A.M., 2010. Cationic-electrokinetic improvement of an expansive soil. Applied Clay Science 47, 343-350.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.11.046. 2. Abuel-Naga, H.M., Bergado, D.T., Chaiprakaikeow, S., 2006. Innovative thermal technique for enhancing the performance of prefabricated vertical drain during the preloading process. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (6), 359-370.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.04.003. 3. Achal, V., Mukherjee, A., Reddy, M.S., 2010. Microbial concrete: way to enhance the durability of building structures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23 (6), 730-734. 4. Afrin, H., 2017. A Review on Different Types Soil Stabilization Techniques. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology 3 (2), 19-24. 5. Akbulut, S., Arasan, S. Kalkan, E., 2007. Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers. Applied Clay Science 38, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2007.02.001. 6. Al-Rawas, A.A., Hago, A.W., Al-Sarmi, 2005. Effect of lime, cement and sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman. Building and Environment 40, 681-687. 7. Andavan, S., Kumar, B.M., 2020. Case study on soil stabilization by using bitumen emulsions - A review. Materials Today: Proceedings 22, 1200-1202.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.121. 8. Asavasipit, S., Nanthamontry, W., Polprasert, C., 2001. Influence of condensed silica fume on the properties of cement based solidified wastes. Cement and Concrete Research 31, 1147-1152. 9. Bell, F.G., Maud, R.R., 1995. Expansive clays and construction, especially of low rise structures: A viewpoint from Natal, South Africa. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 1 (1), 41-59. 10. Castro-Fresno, D., Movilla-Quesada, D., Vega-Zamanillo, A., Calzada-Perez, M.A., 2011. Lime Stabilization of bentonite sludge from tunnel boring. Applied Clay Science 51, 250-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.11.028. 11. Cetin, H., Fener, M., Gunaydin, O., 2006. Geotechnical properties of tire-cohesive clayey soil mixtures as a fill material. Engineering Geology 88, 110-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.09.002. 12. Choi, S-G., Wang, K., Chu, J., 2016. Properties of biocemented, fiber reinforced sand. Construction and Building Materials 120, 623-629. 13. Chu, J., Bo, M.W., Choa, V., 2006. Improvement of ultra-soft soil using prefabricated vertical drains. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (6), 339-348.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.04.004. 14. Du, YL., Li, S.L., Hayashi, S., 1999. Swelling–shrinkage properties and soil improvement of compacted expansive soil, Ning-Liang Highway, China. Engineering Geology, 53, 351-358. 15. Erguler, Z.A., Ulusay, R., 2003. A simple test and predictive models for assessing swell potential of Ankara (Turkey) Clay. Engineering Geology 67, 331-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00205-3. 16. Fityus, S., Buzzi, O., 2009. The place of expansive clays in the framework of unsaturated soil mechanics. Applied Clay Science 43, 150-155. 17. Guney, Y., Sari, D., Cetin, M., Tuncan, M., 2007. Impact of cyclic wetting-drying on swelling behavior of lime-stabilized soil. Building and Environment 42, 681-688. 18. Harvey, C.C., Murray, H.H., 1997. Industrial clays in the 21st century: a perspective of exploration, technology and utilization. Applied Clay Science 11, 285-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(96)00028-2. 19. Indiramma, P., Sudharani, C., Needhidasan, S., 2020. Utilization of fly ash and lime to stabilize the expansive soil and to sustain pollution free environment - An experimental study. Materials Today: Proceedings 22, 694-700.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.147. 20. Jafari, M., Esna-ashari, M., 2012. Effect of waste tire cord reinforcement on unconfined compressive strength of lime stabilized clayey soil under freeze-thaw condition. Cold Regions Science and Technology 82, 21-29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.05.012. 21. Kalkan, E., Kartal., H.O., Kalkan. O.F., 2022. Experimental Study on the Effect of Hemp Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Stabilized Clayey Soil. Journal of Natural Fibers 19 (16), 14678-14693. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2068725. 22. Kalkan, E., 2003. The improvement of geotechnical properties of Oltu (Erzurum) clayey deposits for using them as barriers. PhD Thesis (in Turkish), Ataturk University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Erzurum, Turkey. 23. Kalkan, E., 2006. Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for preparation of clay liners. Engineering Geology 87 (3-4), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.002. 24. Kalkan, E., 2009a. Influence of silica fume on the desiccation cracks of compacted clayey soils. Applied Clay Science 43, 296-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.09.002. 25. Kalkan, E. 2009b. Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw. Cold Regions Sciences and Technology 58 (3), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.011. 26. Kalkan, E., 2011. Impact of Impact of wetting-drying cycles on swelling behavior of clayey soils modified by silica fume. Applied Clay Science 52 (4), 345-352. 27. Kalkan, E., 2012. Effects of waste material-lime additive mixtures on mechanical properties of granular soils. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 71 (1), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0409-0. 28. Kalkan, E., 2013. Preparation of scrap tires rubber fiber-silica fume mixtures for modification of clayey soils. Applied Clay Science 80-81, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.06.014. 29. Kalkan, E., 2020. A Review on the Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for Soil Stabilization. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 2 (1), 38-47. 30. Kalkan, E., 2023a. Effect of Natural Pozzolana and Scrap Tire Rubber Mixture on Compacted Clayey Soils. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 12 (12), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.7753/IJSEA1212.1008. 31. Kalkan, E., 2023b. Effects of Silica Fume and Lime Mixtures on the Some Geotechnical Properties of Clay Soils. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 12 (12), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.7753/IJSEA1212.1009. 32. Kalkan, E., Akbulut, S., 2004. The positive effects of silica fume on the permeability, swelling pressure and compressive strength of natural clay liners. Engineering Geology 73 (1-2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.001. 33. Kalkan, E., Bayraktutan, M.S., 2008. Geotechnical evaluation of Turkish clay deposits: a case study in Northern Turkey. Environmental Geology 55, 937-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1044-8. 34. Kalkan, E. Yarbaşı, 2013. Use of marble dust waste material for stabilization of compacted clayey soils. Jökull Journal 63, 322-344. 35. Kalkan, E., Yarbasi, N., Bilici, O., 2019. Strength performance of stabilized clayey soils with quartzite material. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 1 (1)1-5. 36. Kalkan, E., Yarbaşı, N., Bilici, Ö., Karimdoust, S., 2022. Effects of quartzite on the freeze–thaw resistance of clayey soil material from Erzurum, NE Turkey. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 81, 191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02691-2. 37. Kalkan, E., Yarbaşı, N., Bilici, Ö., 2020. The Effects of Quartzite on the Swelling Behaviors of Compacted Clayey Soils. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 2 (2), 92-101. 38. Kaniraj, S.R., Havanagi, V.G., 2001. Behavior of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced fly ash-soil mixtures. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127(7), 574-584.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(574). 39. Keith, K.S., Murray, H.H., 1994. Clay liners and barriers, In: Carr, D.D. (Ed.), Industrial Minerals and Rocks, Sixth Edition. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, Colorado, pp. 435-452. 40. Kolias, S., Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, V., Karahalios, A., 2005. Stabilization of clayey soils with high calcium fly ash and cement. Cement and Concrete Composites 27, 301-313. 41. Kumar; C.N., Bhavannarayana, C., 2022. Comparative Study of the Cement and Rock dust for Stabilization on the Engineering Properties of Soil. Journal of Engineering Sciences 13 (12), 372-376. 42. Meunier, A., 2006. Why are clays minerals small? Clay Minerals 41, 551-566.https://doi.org/10.1180/0009855064120205. 43. Mitchell, J. K., 1993. Fundamentals of soil behavior. 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York. 44. Moavenian, M.H., Yasrobi, S.S., 2008. Volume change behavior of compacted clay due to organic liquids as permeant. Applied Clay Science 39, 60-71. 45. Mohamedgread, F., Yarbaşi, N., Kalkan, E., 2019. Reinforce in Engineering Properties of Clayey Soils Using Cigarette Butts and Marble Dust. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6 (8), 31-37. 46. Murray, H.H., 2000. Traditional and anew applications for kaolin, smectite, and palygorskite: a general overview. Applied Clay Science 17, 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(00)00016-8. 47. Mohan, D., Jain, G.S., Sharma, D., 1973. Foundation practice in expansive soils in India. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Expansive Soils, Haifa, Israel (1973), pp. 125-132. 48. Nath, B.D., Molla, M.K.A., Sarkar, G., 2017. Study on Strength Behavior of Organic Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash. International Scholarly Research Notices Volume 2017, Article ID 5786541, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5786541. 49. Okagbue, C.O., Onyeobi, T.U.S., 1999. Potential of marble dust to stabilize red tropical soils for road construction. Engineering Geology 53, 371-380. 50. Ogila, W.A.M., 2021. Effectiveness of Fresh Cement Kiln Dust as a Soil Stabilizer and Stabilization Mechanism of High Swelling Clays. Environmental Earth Sciences 80 (7), 283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09589-4. 51. Oyediran, I.A., Kalejaiye, M., 2011. Effect of Increasing Cement Content on Strength and Compaction Parameters of some Lateritic Soils from Southwestern Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 16, 1501-1514. 52. Pooni, J., Giustozzi, F., Robert, D., Setunge, S., O'Donnell, B., 2019. Durability of enzyme stabilized expansive soil in road pavements subjected to moisture degradation. Transportation Geotechnics 21, 100255 (1-15).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100255.. 53. Popescu, M.E., 1979. Engineering problems associated with expansive clays from Romania. Engineering Geology 14, 43-53. 54. Prabakar, J., Dendorkar, N., Morchhale, R.K., 2003. Influence of fly ash on strength behavior of typical soils. Construction and Building Materials 18, 263-267. 55. Puppala, A.J., Musenda, C., 2002. Effects of fiber reinforcement on strength and volume change in expansive soils. Transportation Research Record 134-140 (Paper No: 00-0716). 56. Sabtan, A.A., 2005. Geotechnical properties of expensive clay shale in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Asian Earth Science 25, 747-757. 57. Senol, A., Edil, T.B., Benson, C.H., 2006. Soft subgrades’ stabilization by using various fly ashes. Resources Conservation and Recycling 46 (4), 365-376. 58. Sezer, A., Inan, G., Yilmaz, H.R., Ramyar, K., 2006. Utilization of a very high lime fly ash for improvement of Izmir clay. Building and Environment 41, 150-155. 59. Shi, B., Jiang, H., Liu, Z., Fang, H.Y., 2002. Engineering geological characteristics of expansive soils in China. Engineering Geology 67(1), 63-71.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00145-X. 60. Yarbaşı, N., Kalkan, E., 2019a. The Stabilization of Sandy Soils by Using the Plastic Bottle Waste. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development 6 (11), 140-144. 61. Yarbaşı, N., Kalkan, E., 2019b. Use of Waste Material (Oltu Stone Waste) for Soil Stabilization. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science 8 (11), 102-107. 62. Yarbaşı, N., Kalkan, E., 2020. The Mechanical Performance of Clayey Soils Reinforced with Waste PET Fibers. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 2 (1) 19-26. 63. Yarbasi, N., Kalkan, E., Akbulut, S., 2007. Modification of the geotechnical properties, as influenced by freeze-thaw, of granular soils with waste additives. Cold Regions Science & Technology 48, 45-54.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2006.09.009. 64. Yarbaşı, N., Kalkan, E., Kartal, H.O., 2023. The Effect of Curing Time and Temperature Change on Strength in High Plasticity Clay Soils Reinforced with Waste Egg Shell Powder. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 41 (1), 383-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02289-1. 65. Yetimoglu, T., Salbas, O., 2003. A study on shear strength of sands reinforced with randomly distributed discrete fibers. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 21, 103-110.
Ekrem Kalkan, "Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Rock Dust and Cement" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.13-20 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130103
This study investigated the integration of technology in educational management, focusing on four objectives guided by Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and Lewin Change Management Theory. Employing a combined qualitative and quantitative research design, the study targeted 197 educators and administrators across four Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The purposive sampling method was utilized, with data collected through survey and interviews.The impact of technology integration on administrative processes and decision-making revealed that institutions with high integration levels exhibited increased efficiency and decision-making improvements. In assessing the effectiveness of various educational technologies, Virtual Reality (VR) stood out, emphasizing the influence of technology choice on the overall educational experience. Challenges faced by educational managers include limited financial resources, resistance from faculty and staff, inadequate infrastructure, and the absence of comprehensive training programs.Strategies for overcoming resistance to technological innovations highlight the success of comprehensive training programs and clear communication with transparency, emphasizing the importance of a thoughtful approach to strategy selection. The study identified a positive association between robust technology integration and enhanced administrative performance. Different technologies yield varied results in teaching and learning experiences, emphasizing the need for strategic technology selection. It was concluded that higher levels of technology integration in educational institutions lead to increased efficiency and improved decision-making. Notably, Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as the most effective educational technology, emphasizing the impact of technology choices on teaching and learning experiences. Addressing challenges faced by educational managers, particularly through comprehensive training programs, is crucial for overcoming obstacles and improving overall educational outcomes. In addition the study recommended that HEIs should prioritize comprehensive training programs for educators and administrators to address challenges identified. This can bridge gaps in technological proficiency, ensuring that stakeholders are well-equipped to navigate and leverage the benefits of integrated technologies effectively.
- Dr. Samuel Hayatu Emmanuel Benguet State University
References
Dr. Samuel Hayatu Emmanuel, "The Integration of Technology in Educational Management among HEIs in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Challenges and Strategies" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.21-34 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130104
The research aims to explore the potential of leveraging guerrilla intelligence techniques for the optimization of counterterrorism (CT) operations, by taking a mathematical modeling approach. This study focuses on undermining the structural dynamics of a hierarchically structured terrorist organization consisting of three distinct classes of operatives: leaders, foot-soldiers, and recruiters. By developing a mathematical framework, this research seeks to provide insights into disrupting the operational capabilities and effectiveness of such organizations. The study began with analysis of the organization’s hierarchical structure, recognizes the critical roles played by each class of operatives in the evolution of terrorist activities. Leaders provide strategic guidance, foot-soldiers execute operations, and recruiters facilitate the expansion and replenishment of the organization's ranks. Understanding the interactions and dependencies among these classes is crucial for formulating effective CT strategies. Drawing inspiration from guerrilla intelligence gathering techniques, we formulated a system of differential equation model to capture the dynamics of the organization's structure. The model incorporates variables representing the population sizes of the three operatives’ class, as well as the rates of recruitment, promotion, commission, attrition, and defection. By considering these factors, the model aims to assess the impact of different strategies on the organization's viability and resilience. Furthermore, the research investigates the necessary and sufficient strategies for disrupting the organizational structure, - targeting at least two classes of operatives simultaneously. It also explores the effects of intelligence gathering, and the sabotaging effect of “syndromnized intelligence optimizing pseud-terrorist” (SIOP) agents. This allows for the evaluation of various scenarios and strategies, enabling the identification of optimal approaches to undermine the organization's structural dynamics. The study also recognizes the complex nature of terrorist organizations, including their adaptability and resilience. As such, we incorporated elements of organizational resilience evaluations. By considering the organization's response to CT efforts, the study aims to inform strategies that can effectively counteract potential recalcitrant operatives. The results of the analyses shows that the infiltration of at least 5% SIOP agents in a given “enemy-centric” CT environment has the potential to boost attrition accuracy by 60%, internal personnel defection (IPD) by 25%, vulnerability index by 81.71 %, and operational efficiency by 81.91%. Specifically, targeting all three classes of operatives simultaneously under this optimal CT option would yield 96.48% efficiency than other strategies. This level of interdiction is necessary and sufficient to optimally degrade a given organization to extinction within a period of 10 years, as well as inhibiting any propensity of sudden future strength resurgence. The targeting at least two classes of operative simultaneously was also highlighted and appraised empirically, to be necessary and sufficient for undermining the ingenious bureaucratic structure, high popularity and self-enforcing equilibrium that drive the resilience characteristics of most contemporary organizations. The outcomes of this study have significant implications for CT operations and policy formulation. By leveraging the insights gained from the model, decision-makers can develop targeted and evidence-based approaches to disrupt terrorists’ hierarchically structures. Ultimately, the findings from this study can contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of CT efforts, leading to improved security and stability in affected regions. In conclusion, this research proposes a mathematical model to explore the optimization of CT operations by leveraging guerrilla intelligence technique.
- Israel Udoh Applied Mathematics and Simulation Advanced Research Centre (AMSARC) Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja Nigeria
- Oluranti Janet Faleye 21st Century Computechnique & Digital-media Resources (Nig) Abuj
References
1. Aaron, C. and Kristian, S. G. (2011): “The Developmental Dynamics of Terrorist Organizations”.Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA and Centre for the Study of Civil War, Oslo, Norway. 2. Amnesty International, (2015): Stars on Their Shoulders. Blood on Their Hands. War crimes committed by the Nigerian military. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ , 25 April 2018. 3. Anderson, Sarah (2018): Why Do Some Global Terrorist Organizations Bureaucratize?, Analyzing Global Terrorist Organizations' Structures and their Impacts on Counterterrorism. Cambridge, MA: Weather head Center for International Affairs. http://www.tinyurl.com/y56wlteu 4. Apps, P. J. (1986): A case study of an Alien Predator (Feliscatus) Introduced on Dassen Island: Selective advantages. South African Antarctic Research 16:118–122. 5. Berntsen, G., & Pezzullo, R. (2005). Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Key Field Commander. Crown Books. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker: The attack on bin Laden and al-Qaeda Bergen, (2012) “And Now, Only One Senior al Qaeda Leader Left”. CNN Opinion, June 6, 2012, http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-05/opinion/opinion bergen-al-qaeda-whos-left 1 abu-yahyaaqap- drone-strikes?_s=PM:OPINION 6. Binda, A. (2007). The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry. 30° South Publishers. 7. Black, I. (1992). Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. Grove Press. Borowitz, A. (2005): Terrorism for self-glorification: The Herostratos syndrome. London: Kent State University Press. 8. Bryan, C. Price, (2012): “Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation contributes to Counterterrorism”. International Security, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Spring 2012), p. 14. 9. Butler, L.B. (2011): Hezbollah: The Dynamics of Recruitment. US Marine Corps, School of Advanced Military Studies. US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas AY 2011-01. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443912_Hezbollah:The Dynamics of Recruitment (researchgate.net) 10. Castillo-Chavez, C., & Song, B. (2003): Models of the transmission dynamics of fanatic behaviors. In H. Banks & C. Castillo-Chavez (Eds.), Bioterrorism: Mathematical modeling applications in homeland security (Vol. 28, p. 155-172). Philadelphia: SIAM. 11. Chamberlain, T. (2007): “Systems Dynamics Model of Al-Qaeda and United States Competition”, J. Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Vol. 4, No. 3:14, pp. 1-23, 2007. 12. Chen, C.; Noble, I.; Hellmann, J.; Coffee, J.; Murillo, M.; Chawla, N. (2015): University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index - Country Index Technical Report. Release in November, 2015. 13. Clauset A, and Gleditsch KS (2012): The Developmental Dynamics of Terrorist Organizations. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48633. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048633 14. Clauset, Aaron, and Frederik W. Wiegel (2010): “A Generalized Aggregation-Disintegration Model for the Frequency of Severe Terrorist Attacks.” arxiv.org. January 25, 2010. 15. Coll, S. (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Books. 16. Country Reports on Terrorism (CRT) (2015): United States Department of State Publication Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism, Released June 2, 2016. 17. Daniel Byman (2003): Measuring the War on Terrorism: A First Appraisal, Current History (Vol. 102, No. 668, December 2003). 18. Derek Jones (2012): Understanding the Form, Function, and Logic of Clandestine Insurgent and Terrorist Networks: The First Step in Effective Counter-network Operations. JSOU Report 12-3 The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base, Florida 2012. 19. Douglas, D. Mooney and Randall J. Swift, (1999): A Course in Mathematical Modeling. The Mathematical Association of America, 1999, pp 314. 20. Dugan, Laura and Erica Chenoweth, (2012): “Moving Beyond Deterrence: The Effectiveness of Raising the Expected Utility of Abstaining from Terrorism in Israel”. American Sociological Review 77 (4): pp 597-624. 21. Eric Sof (2013): Operation Neptune Spear: The Killing of Osama bin Laden. Spec Ops Magazine, November 4, 2013. https://special-ops.org/Operation Neptune Spear. 22. Farley, J.D. (2007a): “Evolutionary Dynamics of the Insurgency in Iraq - A Mathematical Model of the Battle for Hearts and Minds”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 30 (2007). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10576100701611304 23. Farley, J. D. (2007b): Toward a Mathematical Theory of Counterterrorism: Building the Perfect Terrorist Cell. California Institute of Technology; The Proteus Monograph Series, Vol. 1, Issue 2. December 2007.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235094285_Toward_a_ Mathematical_Theory_of_Counterterrorism_Proteus_USA_Volume_1_Issue_2_December_2007 24. Frey, B. S. (2004): Dealing with terrorism: Stick or Carrot. Northampton: Edward Elga. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5156601 _Dealing_with_Terrorism_-_Stick_or_Carrot. 25. Glenn A. Henke (2008): How Terrorist Groups Survive: A Dynamic Network Analysis Approach to the Resilience of Terrorist Organizations. A Monograph by Major Glenn A. Henke U.S. Army, School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 26. Gutfraind, A. (2009): Mathematical Terrorism: “Understanding Terrorist Organizations with a Dynamic Model”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, SIAM Journal, 32: 45-59, October 2009. 27. Guiora, A. N., (2008): Fundamentals of Counterterrorism. Aspen Publishers, New York. 28. Howard, P. (2009): Analysis of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) Models. Fall 2009, Available at www.math.tamu.edu˜/phoward/M442.html. 29. Hoffman, B. (2004): “Al-Qaeda; Trends in Terrorism and Future Potentialities” - An assessment Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 26, pp. 429-442, Nov-Dec 2003. 30. Hoffman, B. (2006): Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press, USA, 2006. 31. Horgan, J. (2005): The Psychology of Terrorism. New York, NY: Routledge, Sept 2005. 32. Ian Smith (1979): The Rhodesian Bush War & Zimbabwe War of Liberation. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/rhodesian-bush-warzimbabwe-war-liberation 33. Johnson, N. F., Spagat, M., Restrepo, J. A., Becerra, O., Bohorquez, J. C., Suarez, N., Restrepo, E. M., and Zarama, R., (2006): Universal patterns underlying ongoing wars and terrorism. Preprint, http://arxiv.org/physics/0605035, May 3, 2006, 34. Johnston, Patrick B. (2012): “Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns”, International Security 36 (4): 47-79. 35. Jordan, Jenna. (2014): “Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation”, International Security, 38 (4): 7-38. 36. Jenna, Jordan, (2009): “When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation”, Security Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4 (October 2009), pp. 719–755. 37. Ken Ballen and Peter Bergen (2008): ‘The Worst of the Worst?’, Foreign Policy, October 2008 38. Klein, A. (2005). Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response. Random House. 39. Kress, M., & Szechtman, R. (2009): Why defeating insurgencies is hard: The effect of intelligence in counterinsurgency operations - A best case scenario. Operations Research 57(3), 578-585. 40. Kris Osborn & Ho Lin (2018): The Operation That Took Out Osama Bin Laden. Military.com, April 30, 2018. https://www.military.com/history/osama-bin-laden-operation-neptune-spear. 41. Lanchester, F.W. (1916): Aircraft in Warfare – The Dawn of the fourth arm – principal of concentration, Engineering, Vol. 98, pp.422-423. 42. Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011): Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 43-255. 43. Leuprecht, Christian and Hall, Kenneth (2015): Why Terror Networks are Dissimilar: How Structure Relates to Function. A. J. Masys (ed.), Networks and Network Analysis for Defence and Security. Lecture Notes in Social Networks, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04147-6_5, Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281275480. 44. Lyall, Jason (2009): “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya”, Journal of Conflict Resolution 53 (3): 331-62. 45. Maggie Puniewska (2015): Healing a Wounded Sense of Morality, Atlantic (July 3, 2015), http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/healing-awounded-sense-of-morality/396770. 46. Margaret Urban Walker (2006): Moral Repair: Reconstructing Moral Relations after Wrongdoing. 93(2006);http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/healing-a-wounded-sense-of- morality/396770 47. Mark, Mazzetti, Eric Schmitt, and Robert, F. Worth, (2011a): “Two Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen”, New York Times, September 30, 2011. 48. Mark, Mazzetti, “C.I.A. (2011b): Drone Is Said to Kill Al Qaeda’s No. 2”, New York Times, August 27, 2011. 49. Muhammad Iqbal Roy, Abubaqar Khalid, Abdul Rehman & Farhan Khalid (2022): Operation Neptune Spear and the Manhunt (Implications for Pakistan United States Counter Terrorism Synergism 2001- 2020). Journal of Political Studies Vol. 29, No. 2, July–December, Winter 2022, pp.39–50. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/4-v29_2_2022.pdf. 50. Panzeri, Peter (2001): Killing Bin Laden: Operation Neptune Spear 2011. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014 . https://books.google.com/books/about/Killing Bin Laden.html?id=k66dCwAAQBAJ 51. Paul, K. Davis (2014): Toward Theory for Dissuasion (or Deterrence) by Denial: Using Simple Cognitive Models of the Adversary to Inform Strategy. International Security and Defense Policy Center, RAND NSRD WR-1027, January 2014. http://www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers. 52. Peyam, Tabrizian (2011): Systems of differential equations Handout. https://math.berkeley.edu/~peyam/Math54Fa11/Handouts/Systems.pdf. 53. Pedersen, N. C., and J. E. Barlough, (1991): Clinical overview of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. JAVMA 199:1298–1305. 54. Phillips, P.J (2011): The Life Cycle of Terrorist Organizations. International Advances in Economic Research (2011) 17:369–385. 55. Pruitt, D. G. (2006): Negotiation with terrorists. International Negotiation, 11(2), 371–394. 56. Raphael, Perl (2007): Combating Terrorism: The Challenge of Measuring Effectiveness. Specialist in International Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division USA. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/terror/RL33160.pdf. 57. Ranger, T. O. (1985). Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe: A Comparative Study. University of California Press. 58. Richardson, L. F. (1941): Frequency of occurrence of wars and other fatal quarrels. Nature 148, 598, https://www.nature.com/articles/148598a0. 59. Richardson, L. F. (1948): Variation of the frequency of fatal quarrels with magnitude. Journal of the American Statistical Association 43, 523–546 60. Robert L. Feldman (2009): The Root Causes of Terrorism: Why Parts of Africa Might Never Be at Peace. Defense & Security Analysis Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 355–372, December 2009 61. Sageman, Marc (2008): Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN-13: 978-0812240658. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, Vol.2, Issue 4, January 2008, pp 508–509, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pan057 62. Sandler, T., and H. E. Lapan: (1968): “The calculus of dissent: An analysis of terrorists’ choice of targets”, Syntheses, 76: 245–261. 63. Saira Mohamed (2017): Leadership Crimes. California Law Review, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, (105)3, Article 4, Calif. L. Rev. 777 June, 1 2017 64. Sasaki, T., Brännström, Å, Dieckmann, U. & Sigmund, K. (2012): Institutional delivery of incentives and assessment of voluntary participation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 1165–1169. 65. Scott Helfstein and Dominick Wright (2011): Covert or Convenient? Evolution of Terror Attack Networks. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 55, No. 5 , pp. 785-813. Sage Publications, Inc. 66. Seun, Opejobi (2020): Military destroys house of Boko Haram leaders in Sambisa Forest after terrorist killed rice farmers – DHQ. Daily Post online Newspaper, December 1, 2020. 67. Sharma, J.K., (2011). Operations Research: Theory and Application. 4th Edition, pp. 761-765, New Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. 68. Simon Reeve (2018): One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation ‘Wrath of God’. Simon & Schuster Publishing, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/1970s/munich-massacre-olympics 69. Terrill L. Frantz, Kathleen M. Carley (2005): A Formal Characterization of Cellular Networks. CASOS Technical Report. September 2005 CMU-ISRI-05-109 Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science ISRI - Institute for Software Research International CASOS - Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems. 70. Teschl, Gerald (2012):Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Providence: American Mathematical Society. https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~gerald/ftp/book-ode/ode.pdf. 71. Thomas Nelson (1999): The New King James Version Holy Bible, by Thomas Nelson Inc, Copyright 1999. 72. Tsvetovat, Maksim and Carley, Kathleen M. (2004): Modeling Complex Socio-technical Systems using Multi-Agent Simulation Methods. Künstliche Intell. 2004, Vol 18, (pp 23-28). Computer Science, Sociology, Künstliche Intell. url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18322875 73. Udoh, I.J., and Oladejo, M.O., (2019a): Optimal Human Resources Allocation in Counter-Terrorism Operations: A Mathematical Deterministic Model. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering - IJASRE, Vol 5, (1), pp. 96-115. 74. Udoh, I.J. and Oladejo, M.O. (2019e): Understanding the Implication of Some Counter-Terrorism Measures: A Mathematical Perspective. Journal of Applied & Computational Mathematics, Vol. 8, (2) March -2019, pp. 437-438. 75. Udwadia, F., Leitmann, G. and Lambertini, L. (2006): “A Dynamical Model of Terrorism,” Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, SIAM Journal, Vol. 6, May 2006, pp 32. 76. USA Today, October 22, 2003. From a leaked 2003 memo. https://www.theguardian.com/ /world/2003/oct/23/usa.julianborger. 77. United State Army DCSINT, (2007): A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Handbook No. 1 (version 3.0), 78. Van Aarde, (1986): A case study of an alien predator (Feliscatus) introduced on Marion Island: Selective Advantages. South African Antarctic Research 16:113–114. 79. Van Rensburg, P. J. J., and M. N. Bester (1988): The effect of cat Feliscatus predation on three breeding Procellariidae species on Marion Island. South African Journal of Zoology 23:301–305 80. Victor, Asal, Brian J. Phillips, R. Karl Rethemeyer, Corina Simonelli and Joseph K. Young (2018): Carrot, Stick, and Insurgent Targeting of Civilians. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1- 26, http://www.journals.sagepub.com/home/jcr. 81. Zachary, S. Tseng (2012): Systems of First Order Linear Differential Equations, 2008. https://www.academia.edu/35332711/Systems of First Order Linear Differential Equations. 82. Zhu L., Zhao H., and Wang, H., (2016): Complex dynamic behaviours of a rumour propagation model with spatial-temporal diffusion terms. Inf Sci, pp 349-350. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/abs/pii/S0020025516300962.
Israel Udoh, and Oluranti Janet Faleye, "Leveraging Guerrilla Intelligence Gathering Technique for Optimal Counterterrorism Operations: A Mathematical Perspective" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.35-84 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130105
I. Introduction As we prepare to handle the concept and practice of sacrifice among the Luo community in Kenya it is important for us to outline the difficulties appertaining to the concept of sacrifice as a religious act in general. There are many theories that have been propagated about sacrifice. These theories are just but an attempt to give an explanation to the reason as to why sacrificial action has to be performed, and in some cases they are not getting to the real background of the sacrificial event. Despite all this, sacrifice has always remained one of the most problematic issues in the history of comparative religions, not exactly because it puts in doubt its real existence in history, but first, because it is difficult to find a consensus on the nature and concept of sacrifice, in as much as this category is not able to define a class of homogeneous and distinct phenomena.
- Chrispine Ouma Nyandiwa Catholic University of Eastern Africa
References
1. ABRAHAMS, R. G.,“Spirits, Twins and Ashes in Labwor, N. Uganda,” in J. S. LA FONTAINE (ed), The Interpretation of Ritual, London 1972. 2. BEATTIE, J. H. M.,“On Understanding Sacrifice,” in BOURDILLON – FORTES, Sacrifice, London 1980. 3. DEVEREUX, P.,Places of Power: Measuring the Secret Energy of Ancient Sites, Blandford 1999. 4. DUNNILL, J., Covenant and Sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews, Cambridge University Press, New York 1992. 5. ELIADE, M., The Sacred and the Profane; The Nature of Religions,Harcourt, New York 1987. 6. GRAY, M., Sacred Earth - Places of Peace and Power, Sterling 2007. 7. HAUGE, H., Luo Religion and Folklore, Scandinavian University Books, Oslo 1974. 8. HEALEY, J. - SYBERTZ, D., Towards an African Narrative Theology, Paulines Publications Africa, Nairobi 1996. 9. HUBERT, H. – MAUSS, M., Saggio sulla natura e la funzione del Sacrificio, Morcelliana, Brescia 1981. 10. JAMES, E. O., Origins of Sacrifice; A Case Study in Comparative Religion, Macmillan, London 1933. 11. JAMES, E. O., Sacrifice and Sacraments, London 1962. 12. LÉVI-STRAUSS, Structural Anthropology, Harmondsworth 1968. 13. MBITI, J. S., African Religions and Philosophy, Heinemann, London 1969. 14. OMOSADE AWOLALU, J., Yoruba Beliefs and Sacrificial Rites, Longman, London 1979. 15. ONGONGA, J. J., “Life and Death; A Christian/Luo Dialogue,”in Spearhead No. 78, Gaba Publication, Eldoret 1983. 16. TURNER, V. W.,“Sacrifice as Quintessential Process – Prophylaxis or Abandonment?” in History of Religions, 16, 1977. 17. VAN BAAL, J., “Offering, Sacrifice and Gift,”in Numen, 23, 1976. 18. VAN BAAREN, T. P.,“Theoretical Speculations on Sacrifice,” in Numen, 11, 1964.
Chrispine Ouma Nyandiwa, "An Analysis of The Luo Sacrificial Rite: A Phenomenological Approach" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.85-91 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130106
In order to enhance a building's functionality and energy efficiency, smart construction technology combines controlled reliable controllers and programs with connected sensors, smart energy products, and data analytics software to track ambient data and resident energy usage patterns. The integration of intelligent technologies and controllers in the construction sector is steadily expanding as a result of their growing significance in the fabrication, business-related; it and scholarly domains. This investigation uses a systematic strategy to review the related published literature between 2013 and 2023.Prior to investigating the rating of publications based on quality evaluation and yearly trend publication was done. The study further classifies the literature based on integration technologies and application. The finding reveals that most of the literature features with occupants an interface to schedule, monitor, and adjust energy consumption profiles. These developments also enable utilities to engage in an exchange with the grid by means of demand response strategies and automatic feedback interruption features.Potential study directions are also examined in the paper, particularly with regard to seamless integration, privacy, and security enhancements. It is also proposed that continuous surveillance of data and machine learning are two ways to enhance the intelligence of smart building technology.
- Mona Dafalla Abdelrazig Abdelmjeed College of Architecture and Planning, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
- Saud Sadiq Hassan College of Architecture and Planning, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
References
1. B. Kitchenham, O. Pearl Brereton, D. Budgen, M. Turner, J. Bailey, and S. Linkman, "Systematic literature reviews in software engineering – A systematic literature review," Information and Software Technology, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2009. 2. P. Wei et al., "Impact Analysis of Temperature and Humidity Conditions on Electrochemical Sensor Response in Ambient Air Quality Monitoring," Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, no. 2, Jan 23 2018. 3. F. Salamone, L. Belussi, L. Danza, T. Galanos, M. Ghellere, and I. Meroni, "Design and Development of a Nearable Wireless System to Control Indoor Air Quality and Indoor Lighting Quality," Sensors (Basel), vol. 17, no. 5, May 4 2017. 4. S. Lee, J. Joe, P. Karava, I. Bilionis, and A. Tzempelikos, "Implementation of a self-tuned HVAC controller to satisfy occupant thermal preferences and optimize energy use," Energy and Buildings, vol. 194, pp. 301-316, 2019. 5. R. Khalid, N. Javaid, M. H. Rahim, S. Aslam, and A. Sher, "Fuzzy energy management controller and scheduler for smart homes," Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, vol. 21, pp. 103-118, 2019. 6. M. S. Aliero, M. F. Pasha, A. N. Toosi, and I. Ghani, "The COVID-19 impact on air condition usage: a shift towards residential energy saving," Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, vol. 29, no. 57, pp. 85727-85741, Dec 2022. 7. D. Yang, B. Xu, K. Rao, and W. Sheng, "Passive Infrared (PIR)-Based Indoor Position Tracking for Smart Homes Using Accessibility Maps and A-Star Algorithm," Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, no. 2, Jan 24 2018. 8. M. Rana Md, "Internet of Things for Smart Grid Automation," International Robotics & Automation Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, 2017. 9. R. Nai, "The design of smart classroom for modern college English teaching under Internet of Things," PLoS One, vol. 17, no. 2, p. e0264176, 2022. 10. J. Serra, D. Pubill, A. Antonopoulos, and C. Verikoukis, "Smart HVAC control in IoT: energy consumption minimization with user comfort constraints," ScientificWorldJournal, vol. 2014, p. 161874, 2014. 11. M. Feldmeier and J. A. Paradiso, "Personalized HVAC control system," presented at the 2010 Internet of Things (IOT), 2010. 12. A. Javed, H. Larijani, A. Ahmadinia, and D. Gibson, "Smart Random Neural Network Controller for HVAC Using Cloud Computing Technology," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 351-360, 2017. 13. M. Aftab, C. Chen, C.-K. Chau, and T. Rahwan, "Automatic HVAC control with real-time occupancy recognition and simulation-guided model predictive control in low-cost embedded system," Energy and Buildings, vol. 154, pp. 141-156, 2017. 14. Y. Acquaah, J. B. Steele, B. Gokaraju, R. Tesiero, and G. H. Monty, "Occupancy Detection for Smart HVAC Efficiency in Building Energy: A Deep Learning Neural Network Framework using Thermal Imagery," presented at the 2020 IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR), 2020. 15. R. Rana, B. Kusy, J. Wall, and W. Hu, "Novel activity classification and occupancy estimation methods for intelligent HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems," Energy, vol. 93, pp. 245-255, 2015. 16. J. Dong, C. Winstead, J. Nutaro, and T. Kuruganti, "Occupancy-Based HVAC Control with Short-Term Occupancy Prediction Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Buildings," Energies, vol. 11, no. 9, 2018. 17. H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, N. Gao, Y. Xiao, Z. Meng, and Z. Li, "Cost-Effective Wearable Indoor Localization and Motion Analysis via the Integration of UWB and IMU," Sensors (Basel), vol. 20, no. 2, Jan 7 2020. 18. C. T. Phan, D. D. P. , H. V. T. , and T. V. T. a. P. N. H. , "Applying the IoT platform and green wave theory to control intelligent traffic lights system for urban areas in Vietnam," KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol. 13, no. 1, 2019. 19. M. S. Aliero, K. N. Qureshi, M. F. Pasha, I. Ghani, and R. A. Yauri, "Systematic Mapping Study on Energy Optimization Solutions in Smart Building Structure: Opportunities and Challenges," Wireless Personal Communications, 2021. 20. S. Zhai, Z. Wang, X. Yan, and G. He, "Appliance Flexibility Analysis Considering User Behavior in Home Energy Management System Using Smart Plugs," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1391-1401, 2019. 21. L. Gomes, F. Sousa, and Z. Vale, "An Intelligent Smart Plug with Shared Knowledge Capabilities," Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, no. 11, Nov 15 2018. 22. S.-H. Lee and C.-S. Yang, "An intelligent power monitoring and analysis system for distributed smart plugs sensor networks," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 13, no. 7, 2017. 23. A. Seyedolhosseini, N. Masoumi, M. Modarressi, and N. Karimian, "Daylight adaptive smart indoor lighting control method using artificial neural networks," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 29, 2020. 24. X. Dai, J. Liu, and X. Zhang, "A review of studies applying machine learning models to predict occupancy and window-opening behaviours in smart buildings," Energy and Buildings, vol. 223, 2020. 25. D. Ge et al., "A robust smart window: reversibly switching from high transparency to angle-independent structural color display," Adv Mater, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 2489-95, Apr 17 2015. 26. W. Feng, L. Zou, G. Gao, G. Wu, J. Shen, and W. Li, "Gasochromic smart window: optical and thermal properties, energy simulation and feasibility analysis," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 144, pp. 316-323, 2016. 27. K. Connelly, Y. Wu, X. Ma, and Y. Lei, "Transmittance and Reflectance Studies of Thermotropic Material for a Novel Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic (BICPV) ‘Smart Window’ System," Energies, vol. 10, no. 11, 2017. 28. Y. Ke, C. Zhou, Y. Zhou, S. Wang, S. H. Chan, and Y. Long, "Emerging Thermal-Responsive Materials and Integrated Techniques Targeting the Energy-Efficient Smart Window Application," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 28, no. 22, 2018. 29. H. Khandelwal, A. P. H. J. Schenning, and M. G. Debije, "Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials," Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 7, no. 14, 2017. 30. O. H. Uribe, J. P. Martin, M. C. Garcia-Alegre, M. Santos, and D. Guinea, "Smart Building: Decision Making Architecture for Thermal Energy Management," Sensors (Basel), vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 27543-68, Oct 30 2015. 31. Z. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Zhong, and H. Ma, "Optimal scheduling model for smart home energy management system based on the fusion algorithm of harmony search algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm," Science and Technology for the Built Environment, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 42-51, 2019. 32. S. Zhai, Z. Wang, X. Yan, and G. He, "Appliance Flexibility Analysis Considering User Behavior in Home Energy Management System Using Smart Plugs," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1391-1401, 2019. 33. D. Yang, B. Xu, K. Rao, and W. Sheng, "Passive Infrared (PIR)-Based Indoor Position Tracking for Smart Homes Using Accessibility Maps and A-Star Algorithm," Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, no. 2, Jan 24 2018. 34. L. Wang, D. Peng, and T. Zhang, "Design of Smart Home System Based on WiFi Smart Plug," International Journal of Smart Home, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 173-182, 2015. 35. M. Shakeri et al., "An intelligent system architecture in home energy management systems (HEMS) for efficient demand response in smart grid," Energy and Buildings, vol. 138, pp. 154-164, 2017. 36. N. A. Eltresy et al., "Smart Home IoT System by Using RF Energy Harvesting," Journal of Sensors, vol. 2020, pp. 1-14, 2020. 37. C. Marche, and Michele Nitti., "IoT for the users: Thermal comfort and cost saving," Proceedings of the ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Pervasive Systems in the IoT Era, 2019. 38. M. Zhang, X. Li, and S.-B. Tsai, "Design of Smart Classroom System Based on Internet of Things Technology and Smart Classroom," Mobile Information Systems, vol. 2021, pp. 1-9, 2021. 39. C. Troussas, A. Krouska, and C. Sgouropoulou, "Enriching Mobile Learning Software with Interactive Activities and Motivational Feedback for Advancing Users’ High-Level Cognitive Skills," Computers, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022. 40. B. Risteska Stojkoska, K. Trivodaliev, and D. Davcev, "Internet of Things Framework for Home Care Systems," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2017, pp. 1-10, 2017. 41. M. Darianian and M. P. Michael, "Smart Home Mobile RFID-Based Internet-of-Things Systems and Services," presented at the 2008 International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, 2008. 42. A. J. Jara, P. Lopez, D. Fernandez, J. F. Castillo, M. A. Zamora, and A. F. Skarmeta, "Mobile digcovery: discovering and interacting with the world through the Internet of things," Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 323-338, 2013. 43. R. Biton, G. Katz, and A. Shabtai, "Sensor-Based Approach for Predicting Departure Time of Smartphone Users," presented at the 2015 2nd ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems, 2015. 44. M. R. Sisco, V. Bosetti, and E. U. Weber, "When do extreme weather events generate attention to climate change?," Climatic Change, vol. 143, no. 1-2, pp. 227-241, 2017. 45. K. Kalkan and S. Zeadally, "Securing Internet of Things with Software Defined Networking," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 186-192, 2018. 46. M. J. N Lee, Y Kim, J Shin, I Joe, S Jeon, "IoT-based Architecture and Implementation for Automatic Shock Treatment," KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol. 16, no. 7, 2022. 47. K. Zhang, J. Ni, K. Yang, X. Liang, J. Ren, and X. S. Shen, "Security and Privacy in Smart City Applications: Challenges and Solutions," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 122-129, 2017. 48. H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, N. Gao, Y. Xiao, Z. Meng, and Z. Li, "Cost-Effective Wearable Indoor Localization and Motion Analysis via the Integration of UWB and IMU," Sensors (Basel), vol. 20, no. 2, Jan 7 2020. 49. W. Shuaieb et al., "RFID RSS Fingerprinting System for Wearable Human Activity Recognition," Future Internet, vol. 12, no. 2, 2020. 50. L. Pei et al., "MARS: Mixed Virtual and Real Wearable Sensors for Human Activity Recognition With Multidomain Deep Learning Model," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 9383-9396, 2021. 51. W. Lu, F. Fan, J. Chu, P. Jing, and S. Yuting, "Wearable Computing for Internet of Things: A Discriminant Approach for Human Activity Recognition," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2749-2759, 2019. 52. H. Jo and Y. I. Yoon, "Intelligent smart home energy efficiency model using artificial TensorFlow engine," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018. 53. A. M. Thomas et al., "Smart care spaces: needs for intelligent at-home care," International Journal of Space-Based and Situated Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35-44, 2013. 54. R. Piyare and S. R. Lee, "Smart home-control and monitoring system using smart phone," ICCA, ASTL, vol. 24, pp. 83-86, 2013.
Mona Dafalla Abdelrazig Abdelmjeed, Saud Sadiq Hassan, "Optimizing the Future: Critical Review on Smart Building Contraction Technologies" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.92-104 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130107
This study was designed to examine the influence of quality service delivery on the satisfaction of customers operating Islamic banking in Kano State. The research uses primary data collected via the use of the structured questionnaire. The data were presented and analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression model. The major findings of the study revealthat the customers operating Islamic Banking in Kano are very satisfied, especially with the ease of access to their money and account. More so the level of satisfaction of the Islamic bank customers is assured, and are motivated by Islamic principles (like interest-freeloans), awareness and other products like Takaful. However, the research recommends that the Islamic banks in Kano should increase their non-interest loan scheme, to create more awareness among people towards account opening, other products like the Takaful, Murabaha, etc and that more branches of the Islamic banks should be opened and located within the metropolis and the suburbs.
- Sani Abdullahi Department of Economics, Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies, Kano
- Hassan Nuhu Wali Department of Economics, Sule Lamido University, Jigawa State
References
1. Abdulazeez, R. O., Musa, M. W., Saddiq, N. M., Abdulrahman, S. and Oladimeji, Y. U. (2018). Foos Security Situation among Smallholder Farmers under Kogi Accelerated Rice Production Programme: A USDA Approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension and Social Sciences (JAES). Volume 1(1), Pp 125-132. 2. Adeoye, B.A and Lawanson, O.I (2012). Customers Satisfaction and its Implications for Bank Performance in Nigeria URI: http://ir.unilag.edu.ng:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3114 3. Ahmad, A., Rehman, K., Saif, I. and Safwan, N. (2010), An empirical investigation of Islamic banking in Pakistan based on perception of service quality, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 4 No.6, pp. 1185-1193 4. Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C. and Lehmann, D.R. (1994) Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings from Sweden. The Journal of Marketing, 58, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252310 5. Cronin, J., & Taylor, A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A re-examination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56(3), 55–65. 6. El Saghier, N. and Nathan, D. (2013) Service Quality Dimensions and Customers’ Satisfactions of Banks in Egypt. 4-5. 7. Farris, P. W., Bendel, N.T., Pfeifer, P. E. and Reibstein, D.J.(2010)Marketing Matrics: the definition guide to measuring marketing performance, 2nd Edition. Georgia, USA 8. Fauzi, A.M. &Saryan, T. (2019) Measuring the effects of service quality by using CARTER model towards customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty in Indonesian Islamic banking. Journal of Islamic Marketing 10 (1):269-289 doi:10.1108/JIMA-04-2017-0048 9. Gait, A. H., and Worthington, A. C. (2007). A primer on Islamic finance: Definitions, sources, principles and methods. University of Wollongong School of Accounting and finance working paper. 10. Galloway, L.H.S. (1996). The model of service quality for training, Training for Quality, Vol. 4 No.1, pp. 20- 26 11. Gambo, M.K.K. (2013): Customer Perception of the effectiveness of Service Quality Delivery of Islamic Banks in Nigeria: An Evaluation of Jaiz Bank. Journal of Marketing and Customer Research – Journal of Marketing and Customer Research Vol.1 2013. http://jaizbankplc.com/about-jaiz 12. Mu’azu Saidu Badara, Nik Kamariah Nik Mat, Abubakar Muhd Mujtaba, Abdalla Nayef Al-Refai , Abdulkadir Musa Badara , Faruq Muhammad Abubakar(2013), Direct Effect of Service Quality Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in Nigerian Islamic Bank, Management, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2013, pp. 6-11. doi: 10.5923/j.mm.20130301.02. 13. Mustapha, Y. M. Abdul and Aun, I. I. (2017) Quality of Non-Interest Banking Services and Customers’ Satisfaction: Evidence from Jaiz Bank PLC, Kaduna, Nigeria. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2017 14. Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the customer. New York. 15. Othman, A. & Owen, L. (2001), Adopting and measuring customer service quality (SQ) in Islamic banks: a case study in Kuwait finance house. International Journal of Islamic Financial Services, 3 (1), 1-26. 16. Shanka, M. S. (2012). Bank service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in Ethiopian banking sector. Journal of Business Administration and Management Sciences Research, 1(1), 1-9.
Sani Abdullahi & Hassan Nuhu Wali, "Impact of Quality Service Delivery on the Satisfaction of Customers Operating Islamic Banking in Kano State-Nigeria." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.105-113 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130108
This article explores the potential application of predator-prey theory to understand and model the dynamics of commercially aggressive companies involved in persistent price dumping. Drawing inspiration from ecological systems, where predator-prey interactions govern population dynamics, we adapt the underlying concept to the business realm, specifically focusing on companies engaging in aggressive pricing strategies that negatively impact competitors. Through a formal model inspired by Lotka-Volterra differential equations, we aim to capture the intricate interplay between predatory companies (engaging in not sporadic dumping) and their prey counterparts (those impacted by it). The explorative article concentrates on industries where aggressive pricing strategies, such as dumping, play a pivotal role, i.e. in sectors like steel production, airline services, and e-commerce (alongside insights into industry-specific dynamics and competitive landscapes). It adopts a mixed-methods approach based on a critical analysis of both literature and industry evidence, providing a theoretical and operating model complete with a numerical simulation. The application demonstrates that the dynamic interactions between prey and predator result in oscillating cycles, i.e., a delicate equilibrium and associated fluctuations (depending on the characteristics and assumptions related to aggressiveness and resilience of the two species, the estimation of parameters and growth rates, the institutional response – authorities constraints, intervention, protection, etc.) that arise as prey and predators influence each other’s populations in the shared ecosystem (market). The interdisciplinary nature of the issues provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses managers, and industry stakeholders when navigating difficult competitive landscapes on the edge of (un)fair play and responsibility. Limitations and future directions of research are provided.
- Marco Taliento Department of Economics, University of Foggia (Italy)
References
1. Arabov, N., Nasimov, D., Khuzhayorov, H., Ananth, C., & Kumar, T. A. (2022). Modelling of Commercial Banks Capitals Competition Dynamics. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14(5).
2. Areeda, P., & Turner, D. F. (1975). Predatory pricing and related practices under Section 2 of the Sherman Act. J. Reprints Antitrust L. & Econ., 6, 219.
3. Baumol, W. J., & Oates, W. E. (1988). The theory of environmental policy. Cambridge university press.
4. Becker, O., & Leopold-Wildburger, U. (2020). Optimal dynamic control of predator–prey models. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 28(2), 425-440.
5. Bolton, P., Brodley, J.F., & Riordan, M.H. (1999). Predatory Pricing: Strategic Theory and Legal Policy. Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 2239-2330.
6. Boltuck, R. D. (1987). Economic Analysis of Dumping, An. Swiss Rev. Int'l Competition L., 30, 23.
7. Chang, Y. M., & Raza, M. F. (2023). Dumping, antidumping duties, and price undertakings. Research in Economics, 77(1), 131-151.
8. De Baere, P., Du Parc, C., & Van Damme, I. (2021). The WTO Anti-dumping Agreement: A Detailed Commentary. Cambridge University Press.
9. Dodgson, J.S., Katsoulacos, Y., & Newton, C. (1993). An application of the economic modelling approach to the investigation of predation. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 27.
10. Du, M. (2022). From ‘Non-Market Economy’ to ‘Significant Market Distortions’: Rethinking the EU anti-Dumping Regulation and China’s State Interventionism. Yearbook of European Law (2022).
11. Easterbrook, F. H. (1981). Predatory strategies and counterstrategies. U. Chi. L. Rev., 48, 263.
12. Eken, I. (2020). Anti-Dumping Regulation of the World Market at the Present Stage. Journal of Management Policy & Practice, 21(1).
13. Ganson, B., & Wennmann, A. (2015). Predatory companies in fragile states. Adelphi Series, 55(457-458), 35-66
14. Gracia, E. (2005). Predator-Prey–An Alternative Model of Stock Market Bubbles and the Business Cycle. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, 2(2), 77-105.
15. Guidolin, M., Guseo, R., & Mortarino, C. (2019). Regular and promotional sales in new product life cycles: Competition and forecasting. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 130, 250-257.
16. Guiltinan, J.P., & Gundlach, G.T. (1996). Aggressive and Predatory Pricing: A Framework for Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 60, 102 - 87.
17. Hoekman, B. M., & Mavroidis, P. C. (1996). Dumping, antidumping and antitrust. Journal of World Trade, 30, 27.
18. Huck, N., Mavoori, H., & Mesly, O. (2020). The rationality of irrationality in times of financial crises. Economic Modelling, 89, 337-350.
19. Hung, H. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Wu, M. C. (2017). A modified Lotka–Volterra model for diffusion and substitution of multigeneration DRAM processing technologies. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017.
20. Jones, K. A. (2015). Predatory Dumping. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-1.
21. Kienzler, M., & Kowalkowski, C. (2017). Pricing strategy: A review of 22 years of marketing research. Journal of Business Research, 78, 101-110.
22. Leslie, C. R. (2013). Predatory pricing and recoupment. Colum. L. Rev., 113, 1695.
23. Lotka, A. J. (1925), Elements of physical biology. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
24. Marasco, A., Picucci, A., & Romano, A. (2016). Market share dynamics using Lotka–Volterra models. Technological forecasting and social change, 105, 49-62.
25. McCoy, P. A. (2005). A behavioral analysis of predatory lending. Akron L. Rev., 38, 725.
26. Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R. (2003). Predator or prey?: Parasitic enterprises in economic development. European Economic Review, 47(2), 275-294.
27. Mesly, O., Petrescu, M., & Mesly, A. (2022). Terminology Matters: A Review on the Concept of Economic Predation. Journal of Economic Issues, 56(4), 959-987.
28. Mesly, O., Shanafelt, D. W., Huck, N., & Racicot, F. É. (2020). From wheel of fortune to wheel of misfortune: Financial crises, cycles, and consumer predation. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 54(4), 1195-1212.
29. Morris, S. A., & Pratt, D. (2003). Analysis of the Lotka–Volterra competition equations as a technological substitution model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 70(2), 103-133.
30. Nagurney, A., & Nagurney, L. S. (2011, May). Spatial price equilibrium and food webs: The economics of predator-prey networks. In 2011 International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information (Vol. 5, pp. 1-6). IEEE.
31. Orbach, Y. (2022). Forecasting the Dynamics of Market and Technology. Ariel University Press.
32. Parker, S. C. (2010). A predator–prey model of knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(4), 307-322.
33. Pehrsson, A. (2009). Barriers to entry and market strategy: a literature review and a proposed model. European Business Review, 21(1), 64-77.
34. Peterson, C. L. (2006). Predatory structured finance. Cardozo L. Rev., 28, 2185.
35. Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. Harvard Business Press.
36. Prasolov, A. (2016). Some Quantitative Methods & Models in Economic Theory. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
37. Prusa, T. J. (2005). Anti‐dumping: A growing problem in international trade. World Economy, 28(5), 683-700.
38. Raghavendra, V., & Veeresha, P. (2023). Analysing the market for digital payments in India using the predator-prey mode. An International Journal of Optimization and Control: Theories & Applications, 13(1), 104-115.
39. Reid, K., Sims, M., White, R. W., & Gillon, K. W. (2004). Spatial distribution of predator/prey interactions in the Scotia Sea: implications for measuring predator/fisheries overlap. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51(12-13), 1383-1396.
40. Rikap, C., & Lundvall, B. Å. (2022). Big tech, knowledge predation and the implications for development. Innovation and Development, 12(3), 389-416.
41. Schrepel, T. (2018). Predatory innovation: the definite need for legal recognition. SMU Sci. & Tech. L. Rev., 21, 19.
42. Serences, R., & Kozelova, D. (2021). Dumping–Unfair Trade Practice. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 92, p. 06033). EDP Sciences.
43. Thorson, K. (2021). “A Defendant’s Paradise”: Failings of the Brooke Group Test in the Airline and E-Commerce Industries. Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 86(3), 497.
44. Tsai, B. H. (2017). Predicting the competitive relationships of industrial production between Taiwan and China using Lotka–Volterra model. Applied Economics, 49(25), 2428-2442.
45. Uslay, C., Malhotra, N.K., & Allvine, F.C. (2006). Predatory Pricing and Marketing Theory: Applications in Business-to-Business Context and Beyond. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 13, 116 - 65.
46. Volterra, V. (1926). Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically. Nature, 118(2972), 558-560.
47. Von Arb, R. (2013). Predator prey models in competitive corporations. Honors Program Projects, 45.
48. Wang, H. T., & Wang, T. C. (2016). Application of the grey Lotka–Volterra model to forecast the diffusion and competition analysis of the TV and smartphone industries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 106, 37-44.
49. Wangersky, P. J. (1978). Lotka-Volterra population models. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 9(1), 189-218.
50. Zakuan, N. A., & Jacob, K. (2021). A predator-prey model for stock market. Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology, 1(2), 81-87.
Marco Talient, "Applying Predator—Prey Model to Companies Practicing—Undergoing Dumping. Theoretical Basis and Empirical Notes" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.114-124 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130109
The introduction and use of the Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development (TPAD) tool in Kenya aimed at enhancing educational outcomes. One of the important objectives was enhancing learner discipline in order to create a conducive teaching and learning environment in schools. This research sought to establish the effectiveness of TPAD implementation in enhancing learner discipline within secondary schools in Gucha sub-county. The study grounded its theoretical framework on Locke’s goal-setting model. 1 director, 21 principals, 115 heads of departments (HODs), 254 teachers, and 194 class secretaries were targeted using a descriptive survey design. Saturated and stratified random sampling designs were also used. Data collection instruments included questionnaires and interview schedules. A test-retest analysis was used to determine their reliability. SPSS version 22.0 was used to conduct quantitative data analysis. To assess the significance of these methods, Pearson’s correlation, regression tests, and one-way ANOVA were used. The regression model showed that a unit change in the implementation of TPAD tools could improve learner discipline by a factor of 0.510, indicating a positive correlation of 0.421. The results showed a significant effect of TPAD implementation on learner discipline, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. TPAD tools were seen to have partially improved learner discipline in secondary schools in Gucha sub-county. It was recommended that a participative decision-making process should be employed to guide disciplinary policies in secondary schools.
- Ondari James Rosana Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- Gogo Julius Otieno (PhD) Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- Dawo Jane Irene (PhD) Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
References
1. Jonyo, D.O. & Jonyo, B.O.(2017). Teacher Management: Emerging issues in Kenya. European Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1). 2. KNUT. (2019). Annual report of the National Executive Council of delegates, Nairobi. 3. Macharia, N. (2018, November 28). 8300 candidates miss out KCPE 2018 Examinations. Daily Nation. Mombasa, Mombasa County, Kenya: Nation Media. 4. Marey, R. & Hesham, G.(2020). Reconceptualizing Teacher Evaluation and Supervision in the light of Educational Reforms in Egypt. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,2(1), 2-8. 5. Mirando, D.B.(2019). Perceived effectiveness of teachers performance appraisal system in government owned secondary schools of Ethiopia. Journal of Education and practice,10 (1),1-11. 6. Mito,E.A.(2021).Factors affecting the implementation of Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development policy in public secondary schools in Kenya. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of science and Technology, Curriculum, Educational Adminstration and Management. Unpublished. 7. Mugenda,O.M., & Mugenda,A.G.(2009).Research Met HoDs: Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press. 8. Mwai, J.(2018). Compliance to performance appraisal in Public primary schools in Gilgil Sub County.Jose-JRME,8(2),53-83. 9. NCRC.(2018, March 1). Rapid assessment of arson in secondary school in Kenya. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from Content downloads: Website: www.crimeresearch.go.ke 10. Odhiambo, A. (2017, March 12). Newstanzania. Retrieved April11, 2019, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/12/tanzania-sparing-rod-and-child-improve-learning 11. Onderi,J.B.(2017) School environment factors influencing students'discipline in secondary schools in Gucha subcounty, Kisii, UON Education and extension, University of Nairobi. Republic of Kenya (2022, November 28). Education and staffing records in Gucha Sub-County. Ogembo, Kisii county, Kenya: unpublished. 12. TSC.(2015).Code of Regulations for Teachers. Nairobi, Kenya: Government printers. TSC.(2015).TSC strategic plan 2015-2019. 13. TSC.(2016). Teachers Performance Appraisal and Development Tool. Retrieved November 23,2018,fromTeachers Service Commission: http://www.tsc.go.ke 14. TSC/QAS/TPAD-T/01/REV.2.(2019).Teachers Service Commission Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development Tool. Kenya.
Ondari James Rosana, Gogo Julius Otieno (PhD), Dawo Jane Irene (PhD), "Implementation of Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development TPAD on Enhancing Learner Discipline in Secondary Schools in Gucha Sub-County, Kenya" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.125-134 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130110
One of the most popular pastimes among university students are reading which has an impact on their everyday lives is social networking. Social networking sites have become deeply embedded in the lives of students as a result of their ease of access and technological advancement. This study sought to determine whether a student's number of hours spent online is gender-independent, as well as whether a student's mood (angry/depressed) after utilizing social media is gender-independent. The inquiry was conducted as part of a study of students' responses to questionnaire questions. The results of the chi-square test of independence were used to determine the data's independence across groups. The findings revealed that a student's inclination to become angry or unhappy after utilizing social media is not reliant on their gender. Furthermore, it was observed that the time students’ use on the internet is not gender-specific. The total time the students’ spend on the internet is irrelevant to their gender, according to one study, and that the change in a student's mood after utilizing social networking is likewise unrelated to gender.
- Ezugwu, Obianuju Assumpta (Ph.D) Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- Nworgu, Raymond Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- *Uzo, Izuchukwu Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- Ezeora Nnamdi Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
- \Nzeh, Royransom Department of Educational Management and Foundation, Maseno University
References
1. Cong, Qi. (2018). "Social Media Usage of Students, Role of Tie Strength, and Perceived Task Performance", Journal of Educational Computing Research, 16(1), 112-129. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/07/35633117751604. 2. Fausto, G., Mattia, Z., Elisa, G., Enrico, B., & Ivano, B. (2021). "Mobile social media usage and academic performance", Computers in Human Behavior, 8(2), 177-185. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.12.041. 3. Giunchiglia, F., Zeni, M. M., Gobbi, E., Bignotti, E., & Bison, I. (2017). Mobile Social Media Usage and academic performance, Computer Human Behaviour, 82, 177-185. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.041. 4. Isaac, K. N., Samuel, A. S., Bright B. K., & Sylvester, A. (2021). "Prediction of social media effects on students’ academic performance using Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs)", Journal of Computers in Education, 6(3) 230-245. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00201-z 5. Jonna, M., Leyrer-Jackson., & Ashley, K. W. (2017). "The associations between social-media use and academic performance among undergraduate students in biology", Journal of Biological Education, 52(2) 221-230. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2017.1307246. 6. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610. 7. Nsizwana, S, C., Ige, K. D., & Tshabalala, N. G. (2017). "Social Media Use and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students in South African Higher Institutions: The Case of the University of Zululand", Journal of Social Sciences, 50(3),141-152. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2017.1311729. 8. Olebara, C., Ezugwu, O., Obayi, A., &Ukwandu E. (2021). Determing the Impacr of Social Media on Students’ Mood, Time Management and Academic Activities: The Nigerian Perspective, 2021 International Conference of Cyber Situation Awareness, Data Analysis Assessment, CyberSA 2021. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CyberSA 32016.2021.9478247. 9. Paul, J. A., Baker, H. M., & Cochran, J. D., (2012). Effect of Online Social Networking on Student Academic Performance, Computer Human Behaviour, 28(6), 2117-2127. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.016. 10. Paul, M., Silvia, M., & Oleg, Y. (2021). "Social media use and emotional and behavioural outcomes in adolescence: evidence from British longitudinal data", Economics & Human Biology, 41(C), 100992. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100992. 11. Robert, K. D., George, K. A., & Desmond, K. K. (2019). "Social media and student performance: the moderating role of ICT knowledge", Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 18(2): 197-219. 12. Saeedeh, K., Saeed, K., Mansoor, T., &Thomas, K. (2020)."Construction and validation of Mobile Social Network Sites Utility Perceptions Inventory (MUPI) and exploration of English as foreign language teachers’ perceptions of MSNSs for language teaching and learning", Education and Information Technologies, 18(4), 120-133. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10078-2. 13. Sansgiry, S. S.,Bhosle, M.,&Sail, K., (2006), Factors that affect academic performance among pharmacy students, Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 70(5), Retrieved from: https://doi.org/ 10.5688/aj7005104. 14. Theodora, D. A., Daniel, S., & Hannah, A. N. (2022). "Ubiquitous Technologies and Learning", International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), 18(1) 16. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.286758. 15. Wondwesen, T. (2020). The effect of social networking site use on college students’ academic performance: the mediating role of student engagement", Education and Information Technologies. 25(6), 4747- 4768.
Ezugwu, Obianuju Assumpta (Ph.D), Nworgu, Raymond, *Uzo, Izuchukwu, Ezeora Nnamdi, Nzeh, Royransom, "Ascertaining the Effect of Social Network on Student’s Mood and Time Management with Respect to Gender in Nigerian Universities." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.135-142 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130111
A locally fabricated roasted groundnut dehulling machine was evaluated for performance under three different speeds of 30, 40 and 50 rpm, and three crop moisture contents of 8%, 9% and 10% using three common varieties of groundnuts (Runner, Red Valencia and Kampala). The components of the dehuller include the hopper, a specially designed dehulling chamber, sprout orchute/outlet, frame and an electric motor-driven belt-pulley drive power transmission mechanism. The test results showed that the dehuller’s operating speed and the roasted groundnut moisture content have significant effect on the mechanical damage and the dehulling efficiency. The efficiency of the dehuller decreased with increase in speed. It attained the highest efficiency of 92.1% at 9% moisture content and at an operating speed of 30 rpm, while the mechanical damage was minimal(1.86%) in the runner groundnut variety. All the materials used for fabrication were sourced locally. The dehuller has a capacity of 5.3 kg/h of roasted groundnut seeds. It is affordable, costing about four hundred and two thousand, two hundred Naira (N402,200 equivalent to US$335.17 at the rate of N1,200 to US$1) to produce, simple to operate, suitable for domestic uses and is also recommended for both small and medium scale roasted groundnut processors. The study provided useful information on the effective and efficient optimum conditions required for roasted groundnut dehulling. Further studies are suggested for further investigation by adopting the techniques used in this study for dehulling other similar crops.
- Ayodele, M. B. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State Nigeria.
- Agbetoye, L. A. S Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State Nigeria.
- Lawson, O. S. Department of Agricultural and Bio-resources Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo Ondo State Nigeria.
References
1. Adekola, A.F, D.A. Adetan, B.V. Omidiji and B.J. Ojerinde. (2018).Development of a device for de-coating roasted groundnuts. Ife Journal of Technology, 25(1): 1-5 2. Agboola, S.H.; *1L.A.S.Agbetoye and 1,2Olajide, O.G. (2023). Peformance evaluation of a locally fabricated groundnut roasting machine. International Engineering Conference of the School of Engineering & Engineering Technology of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria with the “Engineering, Technological & Scientific Innovations for National Economic Growth & Development”, 7th -9th November, 2023, Pp 1-12. 3. Ajeigbe, H.A; Waliyah, F.; Echekwu, C.A.; Ayuba, K.; Motagi, B.N.; Eniayeju, D. and Inuwa, A. (2015). Farmers guide to profitable groundnut production in Nigeria. Published by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Telangana, India, 36 pp. 4. Alao, A.I, Akande O.A, Adeoye, B.K and Owoyemi, M.B. (2020). Design fabrication and evaluation of electrically operated groundnut roasting machine. American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 5 (3) 48-55. 5. Ayelegun, T.A. and Ajewole, P.O. (2015). Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a low-cost portable roasted groundnut seeds dehuller. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 2(10): 896-90 6. Ayodele, M. B. (2023). Performance evaluation of a locally fabricated roasted groundnut dehuller. Unpublished B.Eng. Project report, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Pp. 1-84 7. Burr, A.H. and Cheatham, J.B. (2002). Mechanical Analysis and Design. 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Publishers, New Delhi, India. 8. Ebunilo, P. O., Nwonuala, A. I., Nwakor, O. E., &Asadu, C. L. (2016). Growth performance and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as influenced by seed treatment with sodium molybdate and foliar application of cow dung extract. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 7(2): 1-9. 9. FAO (2015). A shift in global perspective:Institutionalizing farmers field school. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Pages 1-58. Retrieved from www.fao.org/publications or www.fao.org/nr/research-extension-system/res-home/en 20/11/2023 10. FAO (2013). About the world growth of groundnut. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en// (04/07/2018). 11. FAO (2021). World Food and Agriculture. Statistical Yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http//doi.org//10.4060/ib4477en, 20/11/2023 12. Ikechukwu, C.; Olawale, J.O.; Ibukun, B.F. and Robert, T.J. (2014). Design and development of manually-operated roasted groundnut seeds peeling machine. International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering & Technology, 2(4): 30-33. 13. Gana, I.M., Mohammed, K.M., Shehu A.A. and Tauheed, I.M. (2018): Development of a Roasted Groundnut Skin Peeling Machine. Food and Nutrition Journal, 3(6): 1-8. 14. Isleib, T.G., Wynne, J.C. and Nigam, S.N. (1994). Groundnut breeding. In: SmartJournal (ed). The groundnut crop: A scientific basis for improvement. Chapman and hall London. Pages 552-620. 15. Kabri, H.U., Akindawa, B.A., Elson, J. (2006).Modification and Performance Evaluation of a Manually Operated Groundnut Roaster, Savannah Journal of Agricultural, 1 (2): 88-93. 16. Khurmi, R. S. and Gupta, J.K. (2005). A Textbook of Machine Design (S.I.Units). 2006 Reprint Edition, Schand Publishers, 1230 Pages 17. Lawson, O.S.; Agbetoye, L.A.S.; Olabinjo, O.O.; Olajide, O.G. and Faloye, O.T. (2023). Influence of roasting conditions and groundnut varieties on the evaluation parameters of a developed roasting machine. Proceedings of the maiden Conference and Annnual General Meeting of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers, South West Zone (NIAE SW) tagged “Innovations in Agricultural Engineering: Solutions to Food, Energy and Economic Challenges in Nigeria” held at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria 30-31 August 2023, Pages 145-168. 18. Oladimeji, A. O and Lawson, O. S. (2019). Development and performance evaluation of a roasted groundnut dehulling machine. International Journal of Applied Research, 5(9): 246 - 249. 19. Vara Prasad, P.V.; Kakani, V.G. and Uphadhyaya, H.D. (2009). Growth and production of groundnut. In: Soils, Plant growth and crop production (Ed. Wiley H. Verheye), In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under the auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, U.K. htpp://www.eolss.net. Retrieved 8th January 2024.
Ayodele, M. B., Agbetoye, L. A. S and Lawson, O. S., "Performance Evaluation of a Locally Fabricated Roasted Groundnut Dehuller." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.143-152 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130112
Music is an integral part of worship. Liturgical music has been a topic of interest for centuries. Good liturgical music elevates the hearts of worshippers, uniting them to the heavenly liturgy. There is an ancient saying which proclaims: Bis orat qui bene cantat (who sings well prays twice). St. Augustine also remarks rightly, ‘Singing is for one who loves’ (PL 38:1472). With this in mind when we look at the Catholic liturgical music today in Kenya, we find several issues to be addressed. In this paper we shall look at some general principles in liturgical music, suggested criteria for assessing music and texts, and some emerging issues regarding music in liturgy today, proposing some possible solutions.
- Chrispine Ouma Nyandiwa Catholic University of Eastern Africa
References
1. CHUPUNGCO, J. A., (ed), Handbook for Liturgical Studies Vol. III, The Liturgical Press, Minnesota 1997. 2. Deiss L., Visions of Liturgy and Music for A New Century, Collegeville, The Liturgical Press, 1996. 3. Friedmann J., Music, Theology and Worship, North Carolina, McFarland & Co. (2011). 4. Gill, Gerald D., Music in Catholic Liturgy: A Pastoral and Theological Companion to Sing to the Lord, Illinois: Liturgy Training Publications (2009). 5. Ratzinger J., “Music and Liturgy,” in The Spirit of Liturgy, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, (2000). 6. Ratzinger J., The Spirit of the Liturgy, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, (2000). 7. St. Augustine of Hippo, Letter 55 (A.D. 400, to Januarius, regarding the celebration of Easter), 34: PL 33, 221; Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 34, 2. 8. St. Augustine of Hippo, Sermo 33 (A.D. 405-411, on Psalm 144.9 – “I will sing a new song to you, O God”), 1: PL 38, 207: Cantare et psallerenegotiumessesoletamantium. 9. St. Augustine of Hippo, Sermo 34 (A.D. 420, preached in Carthage to the ancestors), 1: [Patrologiae cursus completus: Series latina, J. P. Migne, editor, Paris, 1844-1855] 38, 210. 10. Uzukwu, E., Worship as Body Language. Introduction to Christian Worship: An African Orientation, Collegeville, The Liturgical Press (1997).
Chrispine Ouma Nyandiwa, "Music in Sacred Liturgy: Some Factors to be Considered for the Catholic Dioceses in Kenya." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science-IJLTEMAS vol.13 issue 1, January 2024, pp.153-163 URL: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2024.130113